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Iotrolan

The partition coefficients of non-ionic monomeric contrast agents in the system water/n-butanol are in the range 0.03-0.15. Dimers are more hydrophilic, e.g. with a P value of 0.005 for iotrolan (Table 2). [Pg.123]

We have investigated the isomerism of iotrolan by HPLC in order to correlate the pattern of HPLC peaks with rotamers, groups of diastereoisomers or with individual diastereoisomers [124]. [Pg.126]

At low resolution a typical HPLC chromatogram of an aqueous solution of iotrolan using a reversed phase column (ODS Hypersil) and an eluent system with water/methanol of 500 80 (v/v) contains three groups of peaks, denominated as Gl, G2 and G3 (Fig. 7a). The ratio of G1 G2 G3 is approximately 68 4 28. [Pg.127]

Fig. 7. Reversed-phase HPLC chromatogram of an aqueous solution of iotrolan. a Low resolution [ODS-Hypersil, 5 pm, 250 x 4.6 mm water - methanol, 500 80 (v/v)]. b Low resolution (Superspher 100, 250x4 mm, water pH 3.4 (NH4-Formiate, 0.02 M), Na-heptane sulfonate (2 g L ), 1.5 mL min 40°C) Numbers 1-5 indicate the peak numbers, c High resolution (Superspher 100, 250x4 mm, water/methanol, 900 100, 0,4 mL min 40°C) Numbers 6-17 indicate the peak numbers... Fig. 7. Reversed-phase HPLC chromatogram of an aqueous solution of iotrolan. a Low resolution [ODS-Hypersil, 5 pm, 250 x 4.6 mm water - methanol, 500 80 (v/v)]. b Low resolution (Superspher 100, 250x4 mm, water pH 3.4 (NH4-Formiate, 0.02 M), Na-heptane sulfonate (2 g L ), 1.5 mL min 40°C) Numbers 1-5 indicate the peak numbers, c High resolution (Superspher 100, 250x4 mm, water/methanol, 900 100, 0,4 mL min 40°C) Numbers 6-17 indicate the peak numbers...
Whereas ZK37927 resulted in a single peak (Fig. 10), ZK33203, ZK34842, and ZK32349 showed a similar peak pattern as iotrolan, i.e. a main component with 60 - 70 % of the total peak areas followed by two more components with a larger peak area for the second one (Figs. 11-13). [Pg.129]

Fig. 14. Low-resolution HPLC chromatograms of iotrolan. a water/methanol, 850 150 (v/v). b water/methanol, 850 150 (v/v)-i-chloroform (8 g L 0... Fig. 14. Low-resolution HPLC chromatograms of iotrolan. a water/methanol, 850 150 (v/v). b water/methanol, 850 150 (v/v)-i-chloroform (8 g L 0...
The addition of chloroform to the eluent system, t ater/methanol, moved one of the smaller peaks, indicated by an arrow in Figs. 11 -13, towards longer retention times. The same behaviour can also be observed for G2 of iotrolan (Fig. 14). The addition of dichloroethane to the eluent is able to reverse the order of G2 and G3. Some minor additional peaks marked by a question mark in the chromatograms are most probably due to impurities without relevance to the present investigation. [Pg.132]

Comparison of the relative peak areas of the model compounds with those of iotrolan shows a striking similarity (Table 4). [Pg.132]

Fig. 18. Schematic representation of iotrolan rotamers. Rotation around bond d is not possible... Fig. 18. Schematic representation of iotrolan rotamers. Rotation around bond d is not possible...
Fig. 24. Modified Fischer projection of the iotrolan molecule with a 2R,3S) configuration in all four side-chains... Fig. 24. Modified Fischer projection of the iotrolan molecule with a 2R,3S) configuration in all four side-chains...
Having identified 6 centres of chirality, i.e. 4 due to the side-chains and 2 due to the atropisomerism, a total of 64 optical isomers are possible within each of the rotamers Gl, G2, G3. However, this number is reduced to 16 configurations because of identities which can be visualized as follows The Fischer projections of the iotrolan molecule are split at the bridge into two halves to give the... [Pg.139]

Fig. 25. The four combining possibilities in each half of the iotrolan molecule. The projection line in the middle of the molecule indicates the projection of the bridge... Fig. 25. The four combining possibilities in each half of the iotrolan molecule. The projection line in the middle of the molecule indicates the projection of the bridge...
Fig. 27. Possible presence of the 16 isomers of iotrolan in the five groups of combinations from Fig. 26 sorted according to increasing numbers of agreement (N)... Fig. 27. Possible presence of the 16 isomers of iotrolan in the five groups of combinations from Fig. 26 sorted according to increasing numbers of agreement (N)...
Seven non-baseline separated peaks were found in G3 with relative ratios of the peak areas ofl 2 3 4 3 2 l (Fig. 7c). As both,the (F)/(Z) and the (Z)/(E) conformations are to be considered because rotation is possible about either bond b or b, the ratio is preferably represented as 2 4 6 8 6 4 2. The isomers produced by such rotation are summerised in Fig. 30. The double lines represent the rotated moiety of the iotrolan molecule starting from the respective (E)I E) projection in the centre of the two columns while the solid bracket lines connect identical isomers. [Pg.143]

It should be pointed out at this point that the isomer distribution presented here fits the experimental observations, but that there still remains uncertainty regarding the sequence of elution of the various isomers except for those in the respective centre peaks of Gl, G2 and G3. Due regard should be given to the fact that iotrolan represents a mixture of racemates and conformers which differ in their physicochemical properties as is demonstrated by their chromatographic separation. For the same reasons, the mode of preparation and purification may influence the composition of a given sample to some extent, but is not believed to bear significantly on the principles outlined herein. [Pg.146]

In the 1990s, to achieve iso-osmolality with plasma, various teams synthesized nonionic dimers, which resulted in the marketing of iotrolan and iodixanol. However, these compounds suffer from high levels of viscosity (at 20 °C and 320 mgl mL h iodixanol = 25.4 mPa.s vs 15.7 mPa.s for the ionic dimer sodium/ meglumine ioxaglate). [Pg.153]

Fig. 7. Comparison of the two different types of extracellular and biliary contrast agents. One monomeric and one dimeric example are illustrated from each type, lopromide and iotrolan (extracellular type) are extremely hydrophilic whereas iopodinic acid and iotroxic acid (biliary type) are both ionic and very lipophilic... [Pg.186]

The following three chapters describe different classes of X-ray contrast agents. The fourth chapter gives an overview on the chemistry of extracellular iodinated X-ray contrast agents starting with possible routes of synthesis. However, the main focus rests on analytical considerations with particular emphasis on the complex pattern of isomers. In particular dimeric compounds such as iodixanol and iotrolan exhibit a plethora of different types of isomers such as enantiomers, diastereoisomers, cis-trans isomers, and rotamers. In this chapter, the correlation of HPLC peaks with individual isomers is described in detail. [Pg.299]

Many radiocontrast media contain iodine. These include iodixonal, iohexol, iomeprole, iopamidole, iopanoic acid, iopitridole, iopromide, iothalamate, iotrolan, ioversol, and ioxaglate. [Pg.318]

Iso-osmolar non-ionic dimer (for example iodixonal, iotrolan). [Pg.1848]

Bronchography was performed in the past with an aqueous or oily suspension, but these formulations have been withdrawn the water-soluble non-ionic dimer iotrolan has been successfully used for fiberoptic bronchography. [Pg.1849]

There was no difference in the incidence of adverse effects between iotrolan 320 and iohexol 350 in cardiac angiography for ischemic heart disease in 120 patients (22). There were no serious adverse events. One patient developed mild urticaria after iotrolan. Five patients in each group had mild unspecified delayed reactions. [Pg.1851]

There are conflicting data on the risk of delayed reactions, comparing non-ionic monomers and iso-osmolar non-ionic dimers (iotrolan, iodixanol). European studies (27) have shown no significant difference (0.62% iotrolan, 0.82% non-ionic monomers), but studies from Japan and the USA have suggested that delayed reactions are 2-5 times more common with iotrolan. [Pg.1851]

In a questionnaire study of 11 121 Japanese patients, 216 (1.4%) developed immediate adverse reactions and 1058 (9.5%) reported having had delayed reactions after intravenous contrast administration during various CT examinations (30). Delayed reactions were reported by 18 patients (13%) of the 136 patients with immediate reactions who answered the questionnaire. All the patients, with the exception of 360 who received the non-ionic dimer iotrolan, were given non-ionic... [Pg.1851]

The Federal Institute of Drugs and Medical Devices in Germany has surveyed a total of 1135 adverse drug reactions (acute and late) associated with iotrolan 280 and 1354 reports associated with iodixanol at various iodine concentrations (31). There were late adverse reactions (observed later than 1 hour after injection) in 757 cases (67%) associated with iotrolan 280, and in 525 cases (39%) associated with iodixanol. Late reactions were observed mainly in the first 24 hours, with occasional reports at 24-72 hours after injection. Rarely, delayed contrast reactions have been... [Pg.1852]


See other pages where Iotrolan is mentioned: [Pg.108]    [Pg.133]    [Pg.133]    [Pg.133]    [Pg.133]    [Pg.134]    [Pg.136]    [Pg.137]    [Pg.137]    [Pg.137]    [Pg.138]    [Pg.141]    [Pg.142]    [Pg.522]    [Pg.1089]    [Pg.1089]    [Pg.2361]    [Pg.2450]    [Pg.2450]    [Pg.1849]    [Pg.1849]    [Pg.1850]    [Pg.1850]    [Pg.1852]    [Pg.1859]   
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See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.494 , Pg.497 , Pg.531 ]

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See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.325 ]




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Iotrolan osmolality

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