Ionic strong bases

Since, generally, any base stronger than OH will react with water to produce OH we must use another solvent to observe very strong bases. The high base strengths of the hydride ion and the oxide ion can best be observed in molten salts as solvents, since hydrides and ionic oxides are either insoluble in ordinary solvents or attack them. 

The alkyltriphenylphosphonium salt products are ionic and crystallize in high yield from the nonpolar- solvents in which they are prepared. After isolation, the alkyltriphenylphosphonium halide is converted to the desired ylide by deprotonation with a strong base ... 

Bases, like acids, are classified as strong or weak. A strong base in water solution is completely ionized to OH- ions and cations. As you can see from Table 4.1, the strong bases are the hydroxides of the Group 1 and Group 2 metals. These are typical ionic solids, completely ionized both in the solid state and in water solution. The equations written to represent the processes by which NaOH and Ca(OH)2 dissolve in water are... 

As pointed out in Chapter 13, strong acids ionize completely in water to form H30+ ions strong bases dissolve in water to form OH- ions. The neutralization reaction that takes place when any strong acid reacts with any strong base can be represented by a net ionic equation of the Bronsted- Lowry type ... 

A typical weak acid-strong base titration is that of acetic acid with sodium hydroxide. The net ionic equation for the reaction is... 

Let us apply these ideas to the third-row elements. On the left side of the table we have the metallic reducing agents sodium and magnesium, which we already know have small affinity for electrons, since they have low ionization energies and are readily oxidized. It is not surprising, then, that the hydroxides of these elements, NaOH and Mg(OH)z, are solid ionic compounds made up of hydroxide ions and metal ions. Sodium hydroxide is very soluble in water and its solutions are alkaline due to the presence of the OH- ion. Sodium hydroxide is a strong base. Magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH)2, is not very soluble in water, but it does dissolve in acid solutions because of the reaction... 

The reaction between an acid and a base is called a neutralization reaction, and the ionic compound produced in the reaction is called a salt. The general form of a neutralization reaction of a strong acid and a metal hydroxide that provides the hydroxide ion, a strong base, in water is... 

When we write the net ionic equation for the neutralization of a weak acid or a weak base, we use the molecular form of the weak acid or base, because molecules are the dominant species in solution. For example, we write the net ionic equation for the reaction of the weak acid HCN with the strong base NaOH in water (Fig. J.3) as... 

FIGURE 1.3 The net ionic equation for the neutralization of HCN, a weak acid, by the strong base NaOH, tells us that the hydroxide ion extracts a hydrogen ion from an acid molecule. 

When a strong acid is mixed with a strong base, a neutralization reaction occurs for which the net ionic equation is... 

A strong base generates hydroxide ions when it dissoives in water. The most common exampies of strong bases (see Tabie 164) are soiubie metai hydroxides such as NaOH and KOH. These ionic substances separate into ions when they dissoive in water KOH( ) K ((2 q) + OH" (a q) The major species in any aqueous soiution of a... 

The concentrations of molecular and Ionic species are dramatically different in a solution of a strong base (NaOH) and a solution of a weak base (NH3). 

A corresponding anionic mechanism in the presence of a strong base (or electron donor) is plausible. Other cyclic compounds may be susceptible to polymerization by similar ionic mechanisms. Inasmuch as the growth step must be extremely rapid, a chain reaction is indicated and classification with vinyl-type addition polymerizations should be appropriate in such cases. 

Ionic metal oxides contain the oxide ion, which is a very strong base. Therefore, the addition of a metal oxide to water will result in a basic solution as a result of the reaction... 

Words that can be used as topics in essays 5% rale buffer common ion effect equilibrium expression equivalence point Henderson-Hasselbalch equation heterogeneous equilibria homogeneous equilibria indicator ion product, P Ka Kb Kc Keq KP Ksp Kw law of mass action Le Chatelier s principle limiting reactant method of successive approximation net ionic equation percent dissociation pH P Ka P Kb pOH reaction quotient, Q reciprocal rule rule of multiple equilibria solubility spectator ions strong acid strong base van t Hoff equation weak acid weak base... 

Background A neutralization reaction results when a strong acid reacts with a strong base and is represented by the following net-ionic equation ... 

In the absence of radical traps, the radical R is converted immediately into the carbanion R by an ECE or a DISP mechanism, according to the distance from the electrode where it has been formed. B is a strong base (or nucleophile) that will react with any acid (or electrophile) present. Scheme 2.21 illustrates the case where a proton donor, BH, is present. The overall reduction process then amounts to a hydrogenolysis reaction with concomitant formation of a base. This is a typical example of how singleelectron-transfer electrochemistry may trigger an ionic chemistry rather than a radical chemistry. This is not always the case, and the conditions that drive the reaction in one direction or the other will be the object of a summarizing discussion at the end of this chapter (Section 2.7). 

Showing the strong electrolytes in the form of ions yields the ionic equation (sometimes called the total or overall ionic equation). The strong electrolytes are any strong acid, strong base, or water soluble (according to the solubility rules) ionic compound. In this example, the ionic equation is ... 

All the separated ions should have (aq) after their formulas, as should the hydrofluoric acid. Water is a liquid, and carbon dioxide is a gas. The insoluble ionic materials, including those that are not strong bases, are solids. When we add this information, we have the ionic equations ... 

A common laboratory application of acid-base reactions is a titration. A titration is a laboratory procedure in which a solution of known concentration is used to determine the concentration of an unknown solution. For strong acid/strong base titration systems, the net ionic equation is ... 

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