Investigations in-depth

It has long been accepted that the most difficult step in the reduction of C02 to CH3OH, etc. is the initial activation of the molecule itself. Electrochemical reduction provides a relatively simple means of activating the molecule and hence has been investigated in depth almost ever since the birth of electrochemistry as a branch of applied science. However, a cheap and efficient electrochemical method of reducing C02 to useful products continues to elude scientists, primarily as a result of several major problems ... 

It is easy to predict that during the next decade the chemistry of 1,2-diselenolene complexes, but even more that of 1,2-ditellurolenes, will be investigated in depth, achieving the richness of knowledge and applicative significance that is nowadays a hallmark of 1,2-dithiolene complexes. 

The two-step Staudinger reaction has been investigated in depth and 13-azadienes 56 have been isolated in some cases. The evidence suggests that the enol ether group is crucial in the stabilization of the diene and also plays an important role in promoting the conrotatory ring closure process . 

The molecular recognition of septanose carbohydrates has been investigated in depth by using concanavalin A68 as a model lectin. Complex formation was analysed by STD experiments and showed the first direct evidence of binding, by a natural protein, for this class of ring-expanded carbohydrate molecules. 

One of the best known and most intensively studied optical models is an oscillator with Kerr nonlinearity. Mutually coupled Kerr oscillators can be successfully used for a study of couplers the systems consist of a pair of coupled Kerr fibers. The first two-mode Kerr coupler was proposed by Jensen [136] and investigated in depth [136,137]. Kerr couplers affected by quantization can... 

Unsymmetrically substituted tris-dithiolenes appear not to have been investigated in depth, although the earliest known39 tris-dithiolene, Mo(tdt)3, falls into this category. In principle, interesting steric effects should manifest themselves in this class of dithiolene. 

All these topics, valuable both academically and from an application standpoint, remain to be further investigated in depth. 

There are three different types of RNA in cells, namely ribosomal RNA (rRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA) and messenger RNA (mRNA). E. granulosus is the only cestode in which RNA has been investigated in depth (8) and the evidence indicates that the RNA species in this worm and their formation conform with those of other eukaryotes. The rRNA had sedimentation coefficients of 29.4 and 19.6, was rich in guanosine-5 -monophosphate and had a G+C content of around 50%. In addition, a light RNA fraction, with a sedimentation coefficient of 6.3, was isolated... 

Therefore the knowledge of the lipophilicity expressed as logPow will still be of high interest in drug research. Pampa will not substitute CaCo2 or other cell types for the study of permeation but it is able to deliver predictive data about transcellular permeation of a high number of analytes. More time can then be used for the cell-based assays to investigate in depth the mechanism of permeation or efflux of compounds of interest. 

Despite its fame as the first initiator used in cationic polymerisation, sulphuric acid has not frequently been used for fundamental studies in this field. Ite low vapour pressure hinders proper purification procedures even in high vacuum, and its limited solubflity in the solvents currently used for these investigations is another serious drawback. While alkenes are only oligomerised by this acid, aromatic monomers can give high polymers under suitable conditions. Our present discussion will be limited to the only system investigated in depth, i.e. the polymerisation of stjrene. 

Nevertheless, detailed information on nudear wavepacket dynamics of surface adsorbates is important both from fundamental and from practical points of view. As is evidenced from the huge success of catalysis, solid surfaces sustain various kinds of reactions [8]. In order to understand the elementary steps of these reactions, the electronic and vibrational dynamics of surface adsorbates should be investigated in depth. Photochemistry at surfaces involves the photoinduced nuclear dynamics of adsorbates, which needs to be elucidated by ultrafast spectroscopy. Furthermore, combining with recently developed pulse shaping technologies [9], elucidation of the wavepacket dynamics will open up a novel laser control scheme of surface photochemical reactions. 

Ring-opening polymerization of cyclic ethers and lactones has been a major area of research in Lewis acid-promoted reactions. In particular, aluminum compounds have been investigated in depth not only because of their high oxophilicity and ability to initiate polymerization but also because of their commercial availability and low cost. 

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