Inverted microscopy

CEN (2004) Water quality guidance standard for the routine analysis of phytoplankton abundance and composition using inverted microscopy (Utermohl technique), CEN/TC230/WG2/TG3/N83, CEN, Brussels, Luxembourg. 

With regard to the confinement and enhancement ability of a metallic nano-tip, we have proposed near-field Raman microscopy using a metallic nano-tip [9]. The metallic nano-tip is able to enhance not only the illuminating light but also the Raman scattered light [9, 15, 16]. Figure 2.5 illustrates our nano-Raman microscope that mainly comprises an inverted microscope for illumination and collection of Raman... 

Various optical detection methods have been used to measure pH in vivo. Fluorescence ratio imaging microscopy using an inverted microscope was used to determine intracellular pH in tumor cells [5], NMR spectroscopy was used to continuously monitor temperature-induced pH changes in fish to study the role of intracellular pH in the maintenance of protein function [27], Additionally, NMR spectroscopy was used to map in-vivo extracellular pH in rat brain gliomas [3], Electron spin resonance (ESR), which is operated at a lower resonance, has been adapted for in-vivo pH measurements because it provides a sufficient RF penetration for deep body organs [28], The non-destructive determination of tissue pH using near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) has been employed for pH measurements in the muscle during... 

As described before, special built-in equipment is not always necessary for dark-field microscopy, and one can readily convert bright-field illumination to dark-field illumination. An inverted microscope equipped with long-distance (low NA) lenses is suitable for setup of a dark-fieldmicroscope. A handmade ring-slit is available when objective lenses such as x4 lens withNA 0.13, xlO lens withNA 0.30, and x20 lens... 

Figure 10.10 shows the experimental system of TE-CARS microscopy (Ichimura et al. 2004a). As similar to the TERS system (Hayazawa et al. 2000), the system mainly consists of an excitation laser, an inverted microscope, an AFM using a silver-coated probe, and a monochromator. Two mode-locked Ti sapphire lasers (pulse duration 5 picoseconds [ps] spectral band width 4 cm- repetition rate 80 MHz) are used for the excitation of CARS. The (o and (O2 beams are collinearly combined in time and space, and introduced into the microscope with an oil-immersion objective lens (NA = 1.4) focused onto the sample surface. As the z-polarized component of the... 

A typical experimental system for TE-SHG microscopy basically consists of a pulsed laser, an AEM, and an inverted optical microscope. The system is not very different from the TERS and TE-CARS system described in previous sections. The only difference is the use of an optical filter that selectively passes the SH light. 

Light Microscopy. Cells were photographed using an Olympus (model IMT) inverted microscope. 

The internal structure of the complexes can directly determine the mechanism of transfection [4, 23, 25]. We have found that for Lac CL-DNA complexes, the membrane charge density (aM) is a predictive parameter for transfection efficiency [21] (see Sect. 2), i.e., the data for monovalent and multivalent cationic lipids are described by a simple bell-curve. In contrast, for inverted hexagonal HnC CL-DNA complexes, TE is independent of aM, suggesting a distinctly different mechanism of transfection. Consistent with the TE data, confocal microscopy revealed distinctly different CL-DNA complex pathways and interactions with cells, which depended on both the structure (HnC vs Lac) and, for Lr/ complexes, on aM [25]. Thus, the mechanism of transfection by CL-DNA complexes is dependent both on their structure and, for a given structure, on chemical and physical parameters of the complexes. 

Routine observation of cultured is usually carried out by phase contrast microscopy, utilizing the inverted phase contrast microscope. More recently, more detailed observations have become possible utilizing fluorescent tags and inverted fluorescent microscopes. Fluorescent tags currently in use permit the assessment of oxidant status and mitochondrial function as well as the intracellular concentration of sulfhydryl groups, Ca2+,H+,Na+, andK+. 

Figure 4 (a) Cross-sectional diagram of a silicon-based microcavity discharge device with an inverted square pyramid microcavity and (b) an SEM (scanning electron microscopy) image of a single microplasma device with 50 x 50 pm2 emitting aperture (Becker et al, 2006 reproduced with permission). 

Fig. 15.1. Schematic representation of amyloid fibrils revealed by total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, (a) The penetration depth of the evanescent field formed by the total internal reflection of laser light is 150nm for a laser light at 455 nm, so only amyloid fibrils lying parallel to the slide glass surface were observed. (b) Schematic diagram of a prism-type TIRFM system on an inverted microscope. ISIT image-intensifier-coupled silicone intensified target camera, CCD charge-coupled device camera...

Siegel, D. P., Green, W., and Talmon, J. (1994), The mechanism of lamellar-to-inverted hexagonal phase transitions A study using temperature-jump cryo-electron microscopy, Biophys. /., 66,402-414. 

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