Invertebrates organochlorines

Speaking generally, many laboratory studies have shown behavioral effects in vertebrates or invertebrates or both exposed to organochlorine, carbamate, OP, pyre-throid, and neonicotinoid insecticides. However, the critical questions are (1) to what extent have these effects been demonstrated at normal levels of exposure in the field and (2), if such effects have occurred in the field, have there been knock-on effects at the population level These issues will be returned to in Section 16.7. 

Kannan, K., J. Falandysz, N. Yamashita, S. Tanabe, and R. Tatasukawa. 1992. Temporal trends of organochlorine concentrations in cod-liver oil from the southern Baltic proper, 1971-1989. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 24 358-363. Kawano, M., T. Inoue, T. Wada, H. Hidaka, and R. Tatasukawa. 1988. Bioconcentration and residue patterns of chlordane compounds in marine animals invertebrates, fish, mammals, and seabirds. Environ. Sci. Technol. 22 792-797. 

Miskiewicz, A.G. and P.J. Gibbs. 1994. Organochlorine pesticides and hexachlorobenzene in tissues or fish and invertebrates caught near a sewage outfall. Environ. Pollut. 84 269-277. 

Eder G, Ernst W, Goerke H, et al. 1981. Organochlorine residues analyzed in invertebrates of the Dutch Wadden Sea by two methods. Netherlands, Journal of Sea Research 15 78-87. 

Warner, N.A. Wong, C.S., The freshwater invertebrate Mysis relicta can eliminate chiral organochlorine compounds enantioselectively Environ. Set Technol. 2006, 40, 4158 164. 

Some general patterns in time trends of organochlorine compounds have appeared [76]. After the cessation of input, the relatively high levels near the source decrease exponentially. The change is less pronounced at a distance from the source and the decrease may resemble a parabola. Low concentrations at distant sites may level off. For aquatic biota these patterns are exhibited by short-hved fish for the first pattern, and by long-lived fish, marine mammals, and invertebrates for the other two trend patterns. 

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