Intrinsic loss power

Table 1 Comparison of heating parameters of iron oxide nanoparticles formed in the presence of tiopronin with Resovist and Nanomag 100 nm when placed in an AC magnetic field on a MACH system. Specific absorption rate (SAR) and intrinsic loss power (ILP) are compared for all 3 samples. Adapted from Refwith permission of The Royal Society of Chemistry.

The primary requirement for making any connection is to minimise the optical power that is lost in it. Intrinsic losses result from technological variations of the fibres to be connected i.e. core area mismatch, numerical aperture mismatch, and profile mismatch. These obvious errors can only be omitted by proper matching of connected fibres or additional optical elements should be used. Contrary to the intrinsic losses, extrinsic ones can be corrected by a mechanical alignment. Extrinsic losses are caused if ends of the fibres are in some distance and the light from the input fibre cannot be collected by the sink fibre. A similar situation with power losses occurs in lateral displacement and angular misalignment. 

The accident at the Three Mile Island (TMI) plant in Pennsylvania in 1979 led to many safety and environmental improvements (4—6). No harm from radiation resulted to TMI workers, to the pubHc, or to the environment (7,8), although the accident caused the loss of a 2 x 10 investment. The accident at the Chernobyl plant in the Ukraine in 1986, on the other hand, caused the deaths of 31 workers from high doses of radiation, increased the chance of cancer later in life for thousands of people, and led to radioactive contamination of large areas. This latter accident was unique to Soviet-sponsored nuclear power. The Soviet-designed Chemobyl-type reactors did not have the intrinsic protection against a mnaway power excursion that is requited in the test of the world, not was there a containment building (9—11). 

The lithium-ion cells have demonstrated power loss when aged and/or cycled at high temperatures. Norin et al." demonstrated that the separator is at least partly responsible for the power loss due to the intrinsic increase in its ionic resistance. They showed that impedance increased significantly upon cycling and/or aging of lithium-ion cells at elevated temperatures and that separators accounts for 15% of the total cell impedance rise. They later reported that the loss in ionic conductivity of the separator was due to blocking of the separator pores with the products formed due to electrolyte decomposition, which was significantly accelerated at elevated temperatures. 

The power factor, or potency factor, is a natural result of the intrinsic nature of AC and its interaction with self-induced magnetic fields. It can be corrected and minimized but it cannot be eliminated altogether, principally when subject to varying loads. Use of direct current may be a preferred solution when the dissipative losses from AC may become prohibitive. 

The intrinsic absorption properties of the fibre material at the wavelength, X, of the radiation. This is usually expressed in optical power loss, a, in dB/m, per unit length of fibre, L, which is related to the spectrophotometric absorbance of the material, A (Equation (3.21)), by the relation... 

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