Intracellular hypoxia

Damaging mechanisms. It penetrates into the blood and the cells through the respiratory tract. There, it blocks the cytochromoxidase enzyme groups ensuring the intracellular oxydation. Quick intracellular hypoxia occurs, especially manifested in the brain cells. 

Damaging mechanisms. Due to their physical and chemical properties, toluol molecules cause local irritative hyperemic lesions on the contact mucosa of the respiratory tract, dystrophic damage of the cerebrum and liver cells mainly by inhibition of enzyme groups and intracellular hypoxia. 

Cyanide causes intracellular hypoxia by inhibiting the intracellular electron transport mechan-... 

Godt, R.E. Nosek, T.M. (1989). Changes of intracellular milieu with fatigue of hypoxia depress contraction of skinned rabbit skeletal and cardiac muscle. J. Physiol. 412, 155-180. 

Deprived of their substrate in severe or prolonged hypoxia, some ATPase-driven systems, including ion pumps, may become impaired. Further, with the decrease in the availability of O2 as its terminal electron acceptor, the mitochondrial transport chain becomes increasingly unable to accept reducing equivalents from cellular metabolic processes. Hence the intracellular pH falls, subjecting the cell as a whole to a reductive stress and favouring those enzyme systems with acid pH optima. 

Increased extracellular ATP breakdown has been seen in vitro during electrical field stimulation and during hypoxia (Lloyd et al., 1993). Although this source of extracellular adenosine accumulation remains a possibility, it has been found that inhibition of extracellular AMP hydrolysis does not significantly affect adenosine levels (Rosenberg et al., 2000). The main source of adenosine is thus probably intracellular, and possibly related to increased energy consumption. 

Excitotoxicity leads to increased Ca2+ and Zn2+, which can activate cytotoxic intracellular pathways. The prolonged availability of extracellular glutamate during hypoxia-ischemia is transduced by neuronal membrane receptors into potentially lethal intracellular ionic derangements, in particular, intracellular Na+ and Ca2+ overload. Excitotoxic... 

Nakaya H, Kimura S, Kanno M. Intracellular K + and Na+ activities under hypoxia, acidosis, and no glucose in dog hearts. Am J Physiol 1985 249 H1078-H1085... 

In addition to ions, other small molecules have been described to play an important physiological and pathophysiological role in the regulation of gap junctional resistance. Thus, ATP acts as an important regulator. In 1979 Wojtcak described that hypoxia in glucose free solution resulted in a rise in Rj in cow ventricular trabeculae indicating that the intracellular ATP content... 

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