Intestinal wild-type

Poliomyelitis is a highly contagious disease that is often asymptomatic however, approximately 1 in every 100 to 1000 cases will develop a rapidly progressive paralytic disease. Polio is caused by poliovirus which has three serotypes type 1 is most frequently associated with paralytic disease. Poliovirus replicates in the oropharynx and intestinal tract and is excreted in oral secretions and feces, which can infect others. As a result, more than 90% of unvaccinated individuals will become infected with poliovirus following household exposure to wild-type poliovirus. Since the introduction of the first poliovirus vaccine, there has been a significant reduction in the number of polio cases. Today, polio caused by wild-type poliovirus has been eradicated from the Western Hemisphere with the goal of eradicating it from the world.11... 

Fiorica-Howells E, Hen R, Gingrich J, LiZ, Gershon MD (2002) 5-HT(2A) receptors location and functional analysis in intestines of wild-type and 5-HT(2A) knockout mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 282 G877-G893 Flugge G (1995) Dynamics of central nervous 5-HT 1 A-receptors under psychosocial stress. J Neurosci 15 7132-7140... 

Biliary and intestinal excretion of total [3H] label of the drugs (parent and metabolites) in the first 90 minutes after IV bolus administration was determined in the wild type and mdrla(—/—) mice with a cannulated gallbladder,... 

More specifically, fo integrate data from PC2- and PCl/3-deficient mouse studies with recent data that demonstrate a candidate role for cathepsin L in neuropeptide production, results of neuropeptides studied in PC 2- and PC 1/3-deficient mice are summarized here. In PC2 knockout mice, many neuropeptides were partially reduced, with the exception of a-MSH that was nearly obliterated. PC2-deficient mice show increases in the POMC-derived peptide hormones ACTH and 3-endorphin (1-31), which identifies fhem as subsfrafes for PC2 (40). Among fhe POMC-derived peptide hormones, only a-MSH was nearly complefely absenf in the PC2 knockout (40). NPY was unchanged in the brain but was decreased in ileum and was increased in adrenal (41). Somatostatin was increased in the brain and was unchanged in the intestine (Met)enkephalin was partially decreased in the brain but was not altered in adrenal and intestinal tissues. (41). No changes in VIP, galanin, or CRF were observed in PC2-deficient mice. Insulin in the pancreas was reduced by 75% compared with wild-type controls, and... 

Voice JK, Grinninger C, Kong Y, Bangale Y, Paul S, Goetzl EJ (2003) Roles of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in tire expression of different immune phenotypes by wild-type mice and T cell-tar geted type II VIP receptor ti ansgenic mice. J Immunol 170 308-314. 

Pharmacological evidence, obtained predominantly using selective agonists, has suggested that P3-AR causes relaxation in GI tract of rodents in vivo (45,46). After administration of the P3-AR-selective agonist CL316243, wild-type mice exhibited a significant decrease in the extent of GI motility, indicated by radio-tracer in the stomach and intestines (47). In contrast, the decrease in the GI... 

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