International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from

In the 1970s the United Nations enacted controls to reduce litter by adopting two treaties (1) the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter, aka the London Convention, and (2) the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, aka MARPOL. The London Convention has been updated by the London Protocol, which came into force in 2006. MARPOL was updated in 1978 with new provisions coming into force in 2006. 

MARPOL means the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships ... 

The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (1973) as modified by the 1978 Protocol (MARPOL) focuses on preventing ship-generated ocean pollution. Annexes I-V of the MARPOL protocol address oil, noxious liquids, and other petroleum-related contaminants (MARPOL 1978). 

Special areas are defined according to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL 73/78), which in its Annex 1 deals specifically with prevention of pollution by oil. Almost all... 

International Convention for the prevention of pollution from ships (Marpol 73/78). The convention combines 2 treaties adopted in 1973 and 1978 respectively. The agreements include all aspects of pollution from ships - harmful substances, chemicals, garbage, sewage, oil, with the exception of the disposal of waste into sea by dumping. 

International Convention for the prevention of pollution from ships (Marpol 73/78)... 

In this Code, class 9 comprises . 1 substances and articles not covered by other classes which experience has shown, or may show, to be of such a dangerous character that the provisions of part A of chapter VII of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974, as amended, should apply these include substances that are transported or offered for transport at temperatures equal to or exceeding lOO C and in a liquid state, and solids that are transported or offered for transport at temperatures equal to or exceeding 240°C and. 2 harmful substances not subject to the provisions of part A of chapter VII of the aforementioned Convention, but to which the provisions of Annex III of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocol of 1978 relating thereto (MARPOL 73/78), apply. IMO Class 9, 1.1... 

Already there are certain restrictions for certain non-biodegradable plastic packaging materials (the US Plastics Pollution Research and Control Act of 1987, Public Law 100-220 and the Annex of the MARPOL (marine pollution) Convention - the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships which prohibit the disposal of plastics at sea, which allowed the US Navy promote the development of aquatic biodegradable plastics at sea. 

Three international treaties comprise MARPOL (a) the Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping from Ships and Aircraft, adopted at Oslo on February 15, 1972 (b) the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, adopted at London on November 2, 1973, and (c) the Protocol of 1978 relating to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, adopted in London on February 17, 1973. 

International Maritime Organization, International Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution from Ships, 1973 as modified by the protocol of 1978 relating thereto (MARPOL 73178), http //www.imo.org, last accessed 5.1.2007. 

The prevention of marine environment pollution, for instance, is regulated by the MARPOL Treaty. This international convention prohibits the disposal of any plastics waste in the oceans, e.g., from ships or from offshore platforms. The International convention generated activities to check if biodegradable plastics used as an alternative to conventional polymers are suitable to be degraded in a marine environment [2]. A further problem exists from littering, where plastic items are washed away to the sea by rivers or blown by wind from tbe shores and can cause the death of numerous marine animals [3]. 

As Geiser stated (Geiser, 1998), the P2 movement differed dramatically and fundamentally from the conventional command and control, end-of-pipe, media-specific, compliance and enforcement system that was dominant in environmental protection policy during the 1980s. The P2 movement has been slow to develop the internal capacities that would promote the environmental successes that the pollution prevention concept offers. Geiser laid out five uncompleted tasks in the promotion of pollution prevention (Geiser, 1995). The current text seeks to address only one of these the chemical substitutes for existing chemicals. 

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