Internal vessel explosions

Ruptures or Internal Vessel Explosions - An catastrophic opening of a container (i.e., tank, vessel or pipe), commonly from overpressure or metallurgical failure, resulting in the immediate release of its contents. 

A standard laboratory cylinder is about 5 ft high with an internal vessel diameter of about 6 in. Determine the total energy of explosion for this cylinder if it contains nitrogen compressed to 2500 psig. Assume initial and ambient conditions of 298 K and 1 atm. 

Plaquemine LA, USA, Refinery, Explosion/Fire Internal vessel failure caused explosion in storage tank 12,000,000 loss... 

The electrolytic cells shown ia Figures 2—7 represent both monopolar and bipolar types. The Chemetics chlorate cell (Fig. 2) contains bipolar anode/cathode assembhes. The cathodes are Stahrmet, a registered trademark of Chemetics International Co., and the anodes are titanium [7440-32-6] Ti, coated either with mthenium dioxide [12036-10-17, RUO2, or platinum [7440-06-4] Pt—indium [7439-88-5] Ir (see Metal anodes). Anodes and cathodes are joined to carrier plates of explosion-bonded titanium and Stahrmet, respectively. Several individual cells electrically connected in series are associated with one reaction vessel. 

SpotHaneoiis Reactions Polymerization, Runaway rcMction, Internal explosion, IXvomposition h. nvehpt hailures Pipes, tanks, vessels, gaskets, - .cals... 

Vords, M., and G. Honti. 1974. Explosion of a liquid CO2 storage vessel in a carbon dioxide plant. First International Symposium on Loss Prevention arui Safety Promotion in the Process Industries. 

Unfortunately, there is no consensus on the measure for defining the energy of an explosion of a pressure vessel. Erode (1959) proposed to define the explosion energy simply as the energy, ex,Br> must be employed to pressurize the initial volume from ambient pressure to the initial pressure, that is, the increase in internal energy between the two states. The internal energy 1/ of a system is the sum of the kinetic, potential, and intramolecular energies of all the molecules in the system. For an ideal gas it is... 

Cousins, E. W. and P. E. Cotton, Protection of Closed Vessels Against Internal Explosions, presented at annual meeting National Fire Protection Assoc., May 7-11, 1951, Detroit, Mich. 

Information on the excretion of americium after dermal exposure in humans or animals is extremely limited. Some qualitative information is available from an accidental exposure in which a worker received facial wounds from projectile debris and nitric acid during an explosion of a vessel containing 241 Am (McMurray 1983). The subject also inhaled 241Am released to the air as dust and nitric acid aerosols, which was evident from external chest measurements of internal radioactivity thus, excretion estimates reflect combined inhalation, dermal, and wound penetration exposures (Palmer et al. 1983). Measurements of cumulative fecal and urinary excretion of241 Am during the first years after the accident, and periodic measurements made from day 10 to 11 years post accident indicated a fecal urine excretion ratio of approximately 0.2-0.3, although the ratio was approximately 1 on day 3 post accident (Breitenstein and... 

During air-pressurised discharge of a hot 53% aqueous solution of the nitrate salt from a reaction vessel via a filter press, a violent explosion occurred. The nitrate salt begins to decompose below 100°C, and at the likely internal temperature of 142°C, decomposition would be expected to be very rapid, involving much gas/vapour generation according to the equation below. 

A jacketed polymerisation vessel had become coated internally by a build up of polymer residues, and the vessel was being cleaned by treatment with aqueous hydrogen peroxide. To 5000 1 of water in the vessel was added 150 kg of 27 wt% peroxide solution, and the vessel was heated by application of 10 bar steam (180°C) to the jacket. After a few minutes an explosion occurred, attributed to spontaneous ignition of a mixture of oxygen from the decomposing peroxide and monomer vapours produced by depolymerisation of the residue on the heated walls of the vessel. 

On April 8,1998, at 20 18, an explosion and fire occurred during the production of Automate Yellow 96 Dye at Morton International, Inc. Yellow 96 dye was produced by mixing and reacting two chemicals, ortho-nitrochlorobenzene (o-NCB) and 2-ethylhexylamine (2-EHA). The explosion and fire were the consequence of a runaway reaction, which overpressurized a 2000-gal capacity chemical reactor vessel and released flammable material that ignited. Nine employees were injured, including two seriously, and potentially hazardous materials were released into... 

Internal Detonations or Explosions An internal detonation or explosion may occur due to several scenarios. Air leakage into the system may cause a combustible mixture to form, undesired chemical reactions may occur, and extremely rapid vapor expansion may occur. These almost instantaneous events have to be carefully protected against as many overpressure devices do not react quickly enough to prevent the vessel from rupturing. 

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