Internal combustion motor standards

Figure 8. Prototype of a H2 burning internal combustion engine/electric motor hybrid. On the lower left is the H2 generator. On the lower right is the mechanical metering pump and electric motor. The upper right is the 3 kW engine, upper left is a standard automotive battery that can be charged by an alternator.

Hybrids fuel up on standard gasoline used in an internal combustion vehicle, but also have a supplemental electric motor that taps into batteries that store energy created during vehicle use, such as when brakes are applied. Those batteries, currently nickel hydride, are... 

The value of the electronic systems in a typical car is said to represent a quarter of its sales value with the figure rising to around 30% for some luxury models. Hybrid models such as Toyota s Prius, with both an internal combustion engine and electric motors, will have a relatively high electronics content. Wireless hands-free mobile phone installations enhance the electronics content which tends to rise faster in mid-range and, even compact models, than in top-of-the-range models where many of the aspirational features are already fitted as standard. 

The SAE carries on technical standardization work for the motor vehicle, aircraft, airline, space vehicles, farm tractor, earth moving, and roadbuilding machinery, and other manufacturing industries using internal combustion engines. The standards of the SAE are published annually in the SAE Handbook, except for the standards of the aerospace industry, which are published in looseleaf form as Aerospace Materials Specifications (AMS). 

Small batch retorts, heated electrically or hy combustion, are widely used as carburizing furnaces and are applicable also to chemic processes involving the heat treating of particulate sohds. These are mounted on a structural-steel base, complete with cyhnder, furnace, drive motor, burner, etc. Units are commercially av able in diameters from 0.24 to 1.25 m and lengths of 1 to 2 m. Continuous retorts with helical internal spirals are employed for metal-heat-treating purposes. Precise retention control is maintained in these operations. Standard diameters are 0.33, 0.5, and 0.67 m with effec tive lengths up... 

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