Intermolecular forces noncovalent interactions

In a solution of a solute in a solvent there can exist noncovalent intermolecular interactions of solvent-solvent, solvent-solute, and solute—solute pairs. The noncovalent attractive forces are of three types, namely, electrostatic, induction, and dispersion forces. We speak of forces, but physical theories make use of intermolecular energies. Let V(r) be the potential energy of interaction of two particles and F(r) be the force of interaction, where r is the interparticle distance of separation. Then these quantities are related by... 

When thinking about chemical reactivity, chemists usually focus their attention on bonds, the covalent interactions between atoms within individual molecules. Also important, hotvever, particularly in large biomolecules like proteins and nucleic acids, are a variety of interactions between molecules that strongly affect molecular properties. Collectively called either intermolecular forces, van der Waals forces, or noncovalent interactions, they are of several different types dipole-dipole forces, dispersion forces, and hydrogen bonds. 

The technique of noncovalent derivatization employs the noncovalent intermolecular forces (hydrogen bonding, 7t-stacking, UpophUic-lipophilic interactions, and electrostatic interactions) to trap the molecular species in organized matrices. 

Noncovalent intermolecular forces largely determine the folded structure adopted by a macromolecule, particularly the relative affinity of different groupings on the macromolecule for water. In general, hydrophobic groupings are buried within the folded macromolecular structure, whereas hydrophilic groupings are located on the surface, where they can interact with water. 

The physical intermolecular solute-solvent interaction forces (88MI1) as well as the solute-solute interactions should be taken into account for reliable interpretation of physico-chemical data measured in solution. Further structural studies may enhance our understanding of these highly dipolar organic molecules through their role in noncovalent interactions both in liquid solution and in solid state. 

Several artificial systems in which intermolecular and noncovalent bonds between two or more chemical entities have been formed have been reported. The driving forces which hold together these entities are mainly dealing with electrostatic interactions, metal coordination, hydrogen bond, n-n stacking as well as hydrophobic, van der Waals, and dispersion interactions. Therefore, such concept has paved the way for designing and building systems with specific and novel features, whose properties could be far beyond the simple sum of... 

Noncovalent interaction (Section 2.13) An interaction between molecules, commonly called intermolecular forces or van der VVaals forces. Hydrogen bonds, dipole-dipole forces, and dispersion forces are examples. 

Intermolecular forces are also referred to as noncovalent interactions or nonbonded interactions. 

Intermolecular forces (Section 3.3) The types of interactions that exist between molecules. Functional groups determine the type and strength of these forces. Intermolecular forces are also called noncovalent interactions or nonbonded interactions. 

Supramolecular assemblies constructed by hydrogen bonding can be viewed as having nanostructured modules at first. They are essential for the assemblies with low dimensions formed by intermolecular noncovalent interaction forces. For instance, supramolecular nanodisks and nanoboxes (zero-dimensional), supramolecular nanotubes, nanofilamentar cylinders (1-D), and two-dimensional homo- or het-ero- structural layers. These nanostructured assemblies provide advanced basic materials of nanoscale devices through bottom-up chemical methods. 

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