Intermediate image

Detection of the specimen image depends on the relative intensity differences, and therefore on the amplitudes, of the particle and surround (P and S) waves. If the amplitudes of the particle and surround waves are significantly different in the intermediate image plane, then the specimen acquires a considerable amount of contrast and is easily visualized in the microscope eyepieces. Otherwise, the specimen remains transparent and appears as in an ordinary bright-held microscope. 

Figure 2.5 Operational principles of a transmission electron microscope. S, specimen OL, objective lens BF, back focal plane Imj, intermediate image IL, intermediate lens Im2, second intermediate image PL, projector lens FIm, final image DP, diffraction pattern.

The simplest microscope is the light microscope it consists of an objective lens and an eyepiece. Microscope objectives and eyepieces usually consist of complex lens systems of two or more lenses to correct for lens aberrations (Figure 4.6). The objective lens forms a real intermediate image, which is then magnified by the eyepiece. The objective lens and eyepiece are maintained at a fixed... 

One of the advantages of electron microscopy is that a very small specimen area can be examined. An aperture, inserted into the intermediate image plane (Figure 10.1), enables us to collect beams scattered from only a small area in a specimen. This operation is called selected area electron diffraction (SAED). Therefore, SAED patterns can be obtained from very small particles and even from a single nanoscale domain in a particle. 

The objective lens ultimately determines the performance of the microscope. Any detail that is not revealed in the intermediate image I formed by this lens cannot be added later by the eyepiece. The limit of resolution is set, therefore, by the effective size of the aperture in the back focal plane of the objective. From Eq. (1.28), the resolution is... 

Fig. 16. Illumination of the optical spectrometer with lenses. (A) Imaging on the entrance collimator, (B) illumination with intermediate image, (C) imaging on the entrance slit.

Illumination with an intermediate image. Here a field lens is used to produce an intermediate image on a diaphragm. To illuminate the collimator mirror fully, the appropriate zone can be selected with the aid of a lens placed immediately in front of the exit slit. A third lens is used to illuminate the entrance slit homogeneously (Fig. 16B). The magnification is then divided over all 3 lenses, thus chromatic aberrations... 

I is the diameter of the intermediate image, D the diameter of the field lens, % the entrance slit height and ai,a2 and a3 are the distances between the respective lenses. Furthermore ... 

Graphic Arts printing inks pre-press supplies (film, etc.) and equipment pigments and pigment intermediates imaging and reprographic products (toners etc.). In general the overseas activities are undertaken by Sun Chemical ... 

The objective lens is the discriminator. It forms a real intermediate image that is then detected by the photomultiplier tube (PMT). 

First diffraction pattern First intermediate image... 

---