Interfacial tension, crystal growth

Nielsen, A.E. and Sohnel, O., 1971. Interfacial tensions, electrolyte crystal aqueous solution, from nucleatioii data. Journal of Crystal Growth. 11, 233-242. 

Nielsen, A. E., and O. Sohnel (1971), "Interfacial Tension Electrolyte Crystal-Aqueous Solution, from Nucleation Data", J. Cryst. Growth 11,233-242. 

The problem of crystal growth from supercooled liquids has been formulated in terms of a similar model based on the interfacial tension of microcrystals in the solution. A number of experimental studies which have been made have given further support to the qualitative concepts of the model. The time lag in nucleation required for the distribution of nuclei to change from the equilibrium value at saturation to the stationary concentration at supersaturation has been discussed in some detail by Kantrowitz. ... 

Black and Davey (1988) describe a number of the interrelationships and practical aspects of the control of nucleation, crystal growth, and polymorphic transformation of amino acids. The factors described and demonstrated for primary nucleation of L-glutamic acid include temperature, critical nucleus, relationship of interfacial tension to solubility, thermal history, induction time, agitation, and effect of additive. 

Theberge SM, Luther GW, Rozan TF, Rickard DT (2000) Evidence for aqueous clusters as intermediates during copper sulfide formation. Abstr Am Chem Soc 220 353 Thompson DN, Sayer RL, Noah KS (2000) Sawdust-supported passive bioremediation of western United States acid rock drainage in engineered wetland systems. Minerals Metall Process 17 96-104 Tolman RC (1966) Consideration of Gibbs theory of surface tension. J Chem Phys 16 758-774 Tolman RC (1949) The effect of droplet size on surface tension. J Chem Phys 17 333-337 Tomino H, Kusaka I, Nishioka K, Takai T (1991) Interfacial tension for small nuclei in binary nucleatioa J Crystal Growth 113 633-636... 

For optimum process control and good economics, seed growth must be initiated without a large degree of supercooling.Theories describe the relationship between all the quantities and the work of seed formation [Volmer 1931]. One of these quantities is the interfacial tension between suface and melt. Thus seed formation in melt crystallization can be improved by optimizing the material combination cooling surface/... 

The interfacial tension of a crystalline solid in contact with a solution of the dissolved solid is a quantity of considerable importance in crystal nucleation and growth processes. It is also sometimes referred to as the surface energy . This subject is dealt with in section 5.6. 

The adsorption of an impurity on a crystal face can have a similar effect to a change of solvent. Since adsorption reduces the interfacial tension, it will also reduce the a-factor and consequently roughen the surface. If adsorption is selective, i.e. only on to specific faces of the crystal, or to different extents on different faces, any significant change from the smooth to rough condition could lead to faster growth on those faces and hence to a habit change. 

Mersmann, A. (1990) Calculation of interfacial tensions. Journal of Crystal Growth, 102, 841-847. 

In this equation the interfacial tension xcl been replaced by the expression given in (8.4-21). With increasing supersaturation the crystal surface becomes more and more rough with the effect of stimulated growth. 

Larson, M.A., Garside, J. (1986). Solute clustering and interfacial tension. Journal of Crystal Growth, 76, 88-92. 

Impurities usually cause a reduction in the growth rates of crystalline materials due to blocking of kink sites, thereby leading to smaller crystals than required. This is a common problem, which is often related to contamination of the feed solution. In some other cases, however, impurities can enhance growth rates, thought to be due to a reduction in interfacial tension and hence increase in surface nucleation rates. 

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