Interdiction

NTKi (l-trt96 defined two EPZ at radii of 10 miles to provide protection from direct niduiion hy evacuating or sheltering the public and at 50 miles within which food and water interdiction would prole,a from this dose pathway. 

The philosophy of public health protection used by the AEC and pursued ever since, is the use of multiple independent barriers, each a significant shield for the public. The last barrier involves the removal of people from the area over which the radioactive plume is expected to pass, interdiction of food supplies and the use of prophylaxis to reduce the iodine dose. Blood... 

The ingestion dose contributes very little to the dose from a severe reactor accident and is usually not computed. However, the food pathway is a major determinant of bow the exposed area must be treated in the months and years following the accident. If the ground concentration is high, the land may be interdicted from agricultural u.se or grazing. 

Countermeasures are actions taken to reduce or eliminate one or more vulnerabilities. Countermeasures include hardware, technical systems, software, interdictive response, procedures, and administrative controls. 

As to the first of these factors, insofar as the aryl halide anion radical formed initially is planar, a symmetry interdiction opposes the transfer of an electron from the n orbital where it sits initially to the a orbital of the cleaving bond. This symmetry constraint may be circumvented by bending... 

Ideally, one should eliminate a toxic problem or problems by administrative interdiction, or, in other words, by removing the cause. This is rarely possible. Commonly the process that gives rise to a problem is a necessary part of production. Nevertheless, many administrative actions can be undertaken which may not totally eliminate a problem but may go far to bring it under control. Some of these are broad actions that serve to establish a frame of reference within which other actions can be implemented. Others are more specific and are directed at control of an actual problem. The principles involved are as follows ... 

The presence of large loads can be inferred from the volatility of national seizure totals even where individual seizure details are not available. For example, El Salvador seized 32 kg in 2001 before increasing seizure totals to two or three tons annually between 2002 and 2004. In 2005, the country seized only 32 kg. It is unlikely that either the real flows of cocaine through the country or the enforcement efforts made to interdict drugs varied so greatly from year to year, so seizure totals likely reflect the presence or absence of a small number of large seizures. 

Over the last few years, the increase of global cocaine seizures was particularly pronounced in South America, where a rise was noted not only in absolute, but also in relative terms. The proportion of cocaine seizures made in South America (excluding the Caribbean and Central America) rose from 38 per cent in 1990, to 44 per cent in 2000 and 51 per cent in 2005. This clearly reflects the growing efforts by producing countries and their neighbours to step up interdiction at, and close to, the... 

In contrast, the proportion of seizures made in North America declined, from 46 per cent in 1990, to 36 per cent in 2000 and 27 per cent in 2005. This reflected a stabilization or decline in the domestic market, as well as efforts to strengthen interdiction capacities in the source and transit countries. 

Increased interdiction efforts in the main drug transit countries and in North America, have had an impact on cocaine availability within the USA. The availability of cocaine, as perceived by students, declined between 1998 and 2006, as 38 per cent of the students had found it easy or fairly easy to obtain cocaine in 1998, but only 33 per cent in 2006. Over the last few years, perceived availability fluctuated but basically remained... 

The main intermediate country of cocaine shipments to North America is Mexico. The Mexican authorities have intensified their interdiction efforts, resulting in cocaine seizures more than doubling, from 13 mt in 2002 to 30 mt in 2005.5 However, drug-related violence has also increased, with some 2000-2500 drug-related homicides in 2006s. 

Board (INCB), was informed of some 1,900 shipments involving ephedrine and pseudo-ephedrine between November 2004 and October 20055. Between November 2005 and October 2006, over 2,200 shipments of ATS precursors were monitored. This resulted in 99 detailed investigations, including 40 cases involving 165 mt of ephedrine and pseudo-ephedrine that were interdicted or suspended. 6... 

Role of Project PRISM in countering synthetic drugs and their precursors , INCB presentation to the Conference Europe-Asia Cooperation on Synthetic Drugs and their Precursors , Paris, 6-7 March 2007. These are substantial amounts. By comparison, total licit trade in ephedrine and pseudo-ephedrine is estimated at around 30 mt and 1,200 mt respectively. [Source INCB, 2005 Precursors]. The 16 mt of interdicted/suspended shipments could have been used to produce 110 mt of methamphetamine. Were this to have ended up on the illicit market, it would have increased global methamphetamine production by some 40 per cent. 

ONDCP, Transit zone interdiction operations. ONDCP Fact Sheet, 2004. 

The United States has entered into numerous bilateral or multilateral agreements with particular countries, seeking cooperation in drug eradication and interdiction efforts. Additionally, there are several important international treaties that have been signed by the United States and many other nations. 

At President Ronald Reagan s urging, Congress amends the 1878 Posse Comitatus Act to allow the military to provide surveillance planes and ships for drug interdiction purposes. 

Perl, Raphael. Drug Control International Policy and Approaches. Washington, D.C. Congressional Research Service, 2003. Also available online. URL http //www.thememoryhole.org/crs/IB88093.pdf. This brief report provides an overview of current U.S. policies toward narcotics-producing nations with regard to eradication of narcotic crops, interdiction, law enforcement, international cooperation, sanctions and economic assistance, and development of institutions. This is followed by a discussion of policy issues involving e.xpansion of efforts in these various areas. 

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