Interactive control algorithm

The second area, the implementation of a modem process monitoring and control system, is the most dramatic current appHcation of CAD/CAM technology to the chemical process industry. The state of the art is the use of computer graphics to display the process flow diagram for sections of the process, current operating conditions, and controUer-set points. The process operator can interact directly with the control algorithms through the... 

An important consequence of the stmctural decomposition used in the HMS concept is that the system structure is decoupled firom the system control algorithm. The RA only maps functionality onto a system decomposition and defines interactions between component types, without however imposing rules on the interaction dynamics. These latter are governed by an HMES (Holonic Manufacturing Execution System), to be discussed later. The stmctural... 

Robot actions on human bodies are associated with high risk for health, even if the task has nothing to do with medicine or surgery. The usual approach to guarantee safety during robotic tasks is to keep human beings as far as possible from the robot motion. This restriction has inspired new research areas to develop hardware [86] and control algorithms [87] that allow robots to interact more safely with humans. 

A new model-based control algorithm that interacts with an industrial batch digester was developed and has been implemented. The control predictions made by the new controller led to improved control compared with the current controller which is based... 

Although this bio-process example is not described quantitatively and is to some extent unrealistic, it is discussed in some detail here to provide a perspective on the kinds of industrial problems we encounter (different fi om a t3q)ical problem where we are given a process with known linear transfer functions and asked to design a control algorithm). It should help industrial and academic researchers understand what realistic challenges are faced when looking at the interaction between design and control of industrial chemical processes. 

Apart from nominal interaction control, a robot sharing its workspace with humans and physically interact with its environment should be able to quickly detect collisions and safely react to them. In the absence of external sensing, relative motions between robot and environment/human are unpredictable and unexpected collisions may occur at any location along the robot arm. Various algorithms for coping with this problem were developed and evaluated. Efficient... 

A quantum algorithm can be seen as the controlled time evolution of a physical system obeying the laws of quantum mechanics. It is therefore of utmost importance that each qubit may be coherently manipulated, between arbitrary superpositions, via the application of external stimuli. Furthermore, all these manipulations must take place well before its quantum wave function, thus the information it encodes, is corrupted by the interaction with external perturbations. The need to properly isolate qubits but, at the same time, to rapidly... 

An iterative approach has the advantage of allowing control of spurious fluctuations by interaction with the solution as it evolves. This may be done either automatically in the algorithm or by the exercise of human judgment. Although we reserve discussion of the most-powerful methods of interaction for the next chapter, it is appropriate here to set the stage by developing a family of iterative methods that have seen much use. 

In order to characterize the interaction between different clusters, it is necessary to consider the mechanism of cluster identification during the process of the DA algorithm. As the temperature (Tk) is reduced after every iteration, the system undergoes a series of phase transitions (see (18) for details). In this annealing process, at high temperatures that are above a pre-computable critical value, all the lead compounds are located at the centroid of the entire descriptor space, thereby there is only one distinct location for the lead compounds. As the temperature is decreased, a critical temperature value is reached where a phase transition occurs, which results in a greater number of distinct locations for lead compounds and consequently finer clusters are formed. This provides us with a tool to control the number of clusters we want in our final selection. It is shown (18) for a square Euclidean distance d(xi,rj) = x, — rj that a cluster Rj splits at a critical temperature Tc when twice the maximum eigenvalue of the posterior covariance matrix, defined by Cx rj =... 

One may venture to predict that this instructed mixture paradigm will define a major line of development of chemistry in the years to come the spontaneous but controlled build-up of structurally organized and functionally integrated supramolecular systems from a preexisting soup of instructed components following well-defined programmes and interactional algorithms. 

This paper has discussed algorithms for rendering reverberation in real-time. A straightforward method for simulating room acoustics is to sample a room impulse response and render the reverberation using convolution. Synthetic impulse responses can be created using auralization techniques. The availability of efficient, zero delay convolution algorithms make this a viable method for real-time room simulation. The drawback of this method is the lack of parameterized control over perceptually salient characteristics of the reverberation. This can be a problem when we attempt to use these systems in interactive virtual environments. 

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