Interaction regime

The perturbation theory is the convenient starting point for the determination of the polarizability from the Schrodinger equation, restricted to its electronic part and the electric dipole interaction regime. The Stark Hamiltonian —p. describes the dipolar interaction between the electric field and the molecule represented by its... 

This change in scale and interaction regimes would form the basis to differentiate spinning from fibril growth. This is particularly a propos from a materials point of view, where a multifibrillar composition offers a mechanical advantage over a single fiber of the same cross-sectional area (Putthanarat et al., 2000). 

Following the pioneering experiments of Lyklema and van Vliet [29], Mondain-Monval et al. [30,31] have measured the repulsive forces between polymer-covered liquid interfaces in the low interaction regime (force/radius < 10 " N/m). They used two different force measurement techniques, i.e., MCT and TFB techniques. All the experiments were performed in the dilute regime (pb where (pl is the dilute... 

We consider now the experimental data obtained under high pressure, using Charpentier s diagram. Here the parameter, X, does not represent in a satisfactory manner the influence of the total pressure on the flow transition between the low-and high-interaction regime (Figure 5.2-5). At elevated pressure, the transition zone shifts to higher G/X values [18]. 

Figure 5.2-6 shows the boundary between low-and high interaction regimes versus the classical Baker s coordinates and the function, O. The influence of the total pressure is included in the empirical function, O, defined by the relationship ... 

Such relationships have been inspired from the work of Saez and Carbonell [26] to correlate macroscopically the pressure-drop data corresponding to the low-interaction regime in trickle-bed reactors. 

Our team proposed a number of such correlations, following the advances in our work in this field Eqn. (5.2-17) proposed by Tosun [15] for the low interaction regime is of this type ... 

At the present time, the best new correlation for two-phase pressure drop, both for low and high interaction regimes, is that proposed by Iliuta et al. [47], and derived using a neural... 

Then, in contrast to the operation at atmospheric pressure a small increase in the superficial gas velocity reduces considerably the dynamic liquid hold-up. This effect is more pronounced at higher liquid flow-rate values and total reactor pressures. Because of this high influence of the gas flow on the hydrodynamics, Wammes et al. [34] recommend avoidance of the use of the term, "low interaction regime", for the trickle-flow regime at high pressure. 

With the same approach as described for the two-phase pressure drop, Iliuta et al. [47] also proposed a new correlation for the total external liquid hold-up in the high interaction regime, with an average absolute relative error of 13.6 %. 

Martin-Herranz A, Ahmad A, Evans HM, Ewert K, Schulze U, Safinya CR (2004) Surface functionalized cationic lipid-DNA complexes for gene delivery PEGylated lamellar complexes exhibit distinct DNA-DNA interaction regimes. Biophys J 86 1160-1168... 

In this section, we will describe the extension of the basic model necessary to properly describe the dynamically different solute-solvent interaction regimes, which can arise in processes involving excited electronic states [1],... 

Fig. 1. The principle of a scanning probe microscope. The sample surface is scanned line by line with a probe by using a fine positioning system (scanner). With a coarse positioning device, the distance between the sample and the probe is stepwise reduced until the interaction regime is reached and the fine positioning system rules the scanning of the surface. The vibration isolation shields the micrscope from external vibrations.

Negligible and medium interaction regimes. Experiments were carried out with an aqueous 2.0 M DIPA solution at 25 °C in a stirred-cell reactor (see ref. [1]) and a 0.010 m diameter wetted wall column (used only in negligible interaction regime, see ref. [4,5]). Gas and liquid were continuously fed to the reactors mass transfer rates were obtained from gas-phase analyses except for CO2 in the wetted wall column where due to low C02 gas-phase conversion, a liquid-phase analysis had to be used [5]. In the negligible interaction regime some 27 experiments were carried out in both reactors. The selectivity factors were calculated from the measured H2S and CO2 mole fluxes and are plotted versus k... 

Extreme interaction regime. The experimental set-up is given in figure 6. The stirred-cell reactor was operated batchwise with respect to the liquid and semi-batchwise with respect to the gas-phase which was also circulated by means of a peristaltic pump over an infrared spectrophotometer for C02 detection. 

Figure 3. Selectivity factor S as a function of kgHts in the negligible interaction regime. Key O, stirred cell reactor +, wetted wall column, cocurrent and X. wetted wall column (countercurrent).

This equation is reproduced in Figure 5 for different values of Lj-. The experimental system considered in this figure consists of water flowing through a bed of 3 mm diam. spheres with a porosity equal to 0.35. The pressure drop is assumed to be negligible (6. pjE). Comparison of Eq.16 with the correlation proposed by Specchia et al. (18), for the low gas-liquid interaction regime,... 

Abstract—Gas-liquid interfacial areas a and volumetric liquid-side mass-transfer coefficients kLa are experimentally determined in a high pressure trickle-bed reactor up to 3.2 MPa. Fast and slow absorption of carbon dioxide in aqueous and organic diethanolamine solutions are employed as model reactions for the evaluation of a and kLa at high pressure, and various liquid viscosities and packing characteristics. A simple model to estimate a and kLa for the low interaction regime in high pressure trickle-bed reactors is proposed. 

Specchia and Baldi90 presented separate correlations for the dynamic liquid holdup in the poor interaction regime (i.e., gas-coirtinuous-flow regime) and the high-in teraction regime (i.e., pulsed and spray flow).In the poor-interaction regime, they presented a relation... 

Pinna, D. Tronconi, E. Tagliabue, L. High interaction regime Lockhart-Martinelli model for pressure drop in trickle-bed reactors. Am. Inst. Chem. Eng. J. 2001, 47, 19. 

T varies from 235 fs for E — Ep = 0.03 eV to 18 fs for E — Ep > 1.5 eV. It results that, for excitation wavelengths in the near infrared (w 1 oVf the hyperpolarizability can be enhanced up to one order of magnitude under resonant interaction regime. HyperpolarizabiUties of the order of 10 esu are then in principle possible for selected chiral CNT topologies. This value is slightly lower then the estimated hyperpolarizability of chromophores and Sol-Gel, usually accounted as the most efficient second order nonlinear optical materials [29]. 

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