Inter-electrode distance

J,m. The electric field applied is also simply calculated by dividing the applied voltage directly measured on the instrument by the distance between the electrodes. The effective inter-electrode distance is obtained by measuring the conductance of a standard electrolyte solution, say... 

It is observed that the inter-electrode distance begins to oscillate for time intervals At somewhat larger than 1/u, ... 

The anode was a thick solid electrode made from electrolytic copper. The suspension system was also designed to change freely the inter-electrode distance,... 

We will note that the sensitivity decreases when D increases. These results only confirm the results obtained by U. Hoefer" , who reports a decrease in the sensitivity when the inter-electrode distance increases (for distances contained between 10 and 500 pm). 

In a convection-free system, and for a limited observation time (when compared to the characteristic time of the system, which itself depends on the diffusion coefficients and the inter-electrode distance) the electrolyte can be separated into three zones two diffusion layers close to the two reactive interfaces and an intermediate homogeneous zone within the electrolyte. The diffusion layers thicknesses increase with time, but they are both considered as small when compared to the inter-electrode distance. Here one refers to a transient state and each interface is defined as being in a semi-infinite mass transport condition. Both electrodes are independent, in spite of the fact that they are crossed by the same current. 

In a motionless electrolyte (namely without convection), such as a gel for example, one can estimate the time at which an interaction occurs between the electrodes in terms of mass transport. This is done by calculating the moment when the diffusion layer in a semi-infinite diffusion experiment (thickness of about -JW, see section 4.3.1.3) becomes approximately as thick as the inter-electrode distance. Therefore, in a system containing an electroactive species with a diffusion coefficient of about 1 (T crff s" and an inter-electrode distance of 3 mm, it would take an experiment lasting around 3 h for the diffusion layer to reach a thickness matching the interelectrode distance. 

The side screens enabled that the distance Lh between the edges of the electrodes and the side walls of the cell to be varied for given values Ah and 2Ch- The resistance of the system for various adjusted values Lh was measured by the bridge method using the platinum electrodes in a 0.020 M KCl solution. The electrodes were 2 cm long and 1 cm wide. The inter-electrode distance was 2 cm. Hence, in this case Ah = Ch- The back sides of the electrodes were insulated. The upper edges of the electrode touch the free surface of the solution and the lower edges of the electrode touch the bottom of the cell. 

When Eq. (3.16) is integrated from the inter-electrode distance I to the maximum length of the current line, I, the maximum contribution to the edge current density due to current line propagation between the electrode edges and the side walls of the cell, is obtained as... 

This means that the very edge resistance is lower than in the homogeneous field and that the minimum effective inter-electrode distance, /eff.e.mim between the edges of the anode and cathode will be... 

The dependencies of the current density on the cell voltage for different inter-electrode distances and different distances between the edge of the electrode and the side wall of the cell, for the system (—) Cu I CUSO4, H2SO4, H2O I Cu (+) at a temperature of 20 °C is shown in Fig. 3.7. 

From Fig. 3.7, the change in the shape of the i - / dependencies is observed with the increase of the inter-electrode distance. In the region of lower current densities, at the shortest inter-electrode distance, the system is under mixed activation-ohmic control. At higher current densities, although a concentration overvoltage appears,... 

Fig. 3.8 Current density-cell voltage dependencies of the system (—) Cu 10.10 M CUSO4,0.50 M H2SO4 I Cu (+) with an inter-electrode distance of (a) 50 nun, (b) 150 nun, and (c) current density-cell voltage dependencies of the system (—) Cu 10.10 M CUSO4,0.010 M H2SO41 Cu (-I-) with an inter-electrode distance of 50 nun. The distances between the edge of the electrode and the side wall of the cell are indicated in the diagrams (Reprinted from Ref. [5] with permission Irom the Serbian Chemical Society)...

When the concentration of the reacting Cu + irais is increased, the ohmic control of the process becomes dominant (Fig. 3.9b). The polarization curves, therefore, lose the S shape and become straight lines. The limiting current density plateau also gradually disappears as the inter-electrode distance increases and the spacing between the polarization curves increases. All these indicate that the penetration depth of the current lines is large and the uniformity of the current density distribution is bad. 

Due to the important ratio between the reactor length and the inter-electrode distance, plate and channel microreactors behave like plug flow reactors. The maximum possible conversion is reached if the reaction is under mass transport control on the entire electrode surface. The combination of the local diffusion-limited... 

Sensing of intracardiac electrograms. With its broad inter-electrode distance, the unipolar system sees more of the heart in which to detect a spontaneous intracardiac electrical event and thus it was assumed that unipolar was superior to bipolar sensing. In reality, the modem unipolar and bipolar pacing systems show comparable and usually excellent atrial and ventricular electrogram amplitudes and slew rates which usually exceed the standard limits of the sensing circuit by a comfortable margin. 

AAN-anode surface (cm ), Vact active volume, i.e., electrolytic cell volume (L), VxoT-total volume (L), d-inter-electrode distance (mm), J-current density (A m ), Q-specific electrical charge (Ah L ), q-volumetric recirculation flow rate (L h ), R-removal (%), CE current efficiency (%), FAC free available chlorine, COD chemical oxygen demand, TAA total ammonia nitrogen, DOC dissolved organic carbon, f/F-ultraviolet absorbance, SUVA254 specific UV absorbance at 254 nm, THMs trihalomethanes, HAAs haloacetic acids... 

A portable EMG system, FLUX wireless bio-signals, was utilized to collect EMG data while the subjects performed the manual lifting tasks. EMG activity was collected using bipolar surface electrodes with 10 mm diameter and an inter-electrode distance of 20 mm. The electrodes were placed according to Surface Electromyography for the Non-Invasive Assessment of Muscles (SENIAM) standard placement guidelines. The areas of electrodes placement was shaved, abraded and cleaned with rubbing alcohol... 

The time of transit between the contact pads of a photoconductive device is determined as the ratio between the inter-electrode distance L and the product of electric field and the mobility of the considered carrier type, T = UE i. If we divide the detector length into infinitesimally small elements dy, the differential transit time across each of these elements will be At = AylE(y) t. Thus the total transit time across the detector will be... 

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