Intensity wave amplitude

The blast originating from a hemispherical fuel-air charge is more like a gas explosion blast in wave amplitude, shape, and duration. Unlike TNT blast, blast effects from gas explosions are not determined by a charge weight or size only. In addition, an initial blast strength of the blast must be specified. The initial strength of a gas-explosion blast is variable and depends on intensity of the combustion process in the gas explosion in question. 

On the loaded side of a slab subjected to an intense reflected blast wave, a region of the slab will fail if the intensity of the compressive wave transmitted into the slab exceeds the dynamic compressive strength of the material. For an intense wave striking a thin concrete slab, the failure region can extend through the slab, and a sizeable area turned to rubble which can fall or be ejected from the slab. For a thicker slab or localized loaded area, spherical divergence of the stress wave can cause it to decay in amplitude within the slab so that only part of the loaded face side is crushed by direct compression. 

Individual photons appear to arrive at entirely random times and positions. As more photons are counted, a pattern starts to emerge, and eventually, when we have enough, the interference fringes predicted by the wave theory can be seen. We know that, when the experiment is done with massive numbers of photons, the light intensity can be predicted by the wave theory. Under these conditions, therefore, the number of photons arriving at any point must be proportional to the wave intensity. On an individual basis, however, each photon appears to be unpredictable. AH we can say is that the probability of a photon arriving at a particular point is proportional to the wave intensity. (Note that according to eqn 1.5 this is the square of the wave amplitude.)... 

The field intensities, or wave amplitudes, that have produced changes in calcium-ion efflux at typical carrier frequencies and at typical modulation frequencies may be used to estimate the amount of nonlinearity that would be required to conform with observed results. Adey (1 1) has reported that a relatively small internal electric field intensity, on the order of 10"7 V/cm, at 16 Hz is sufficient to alter the binding of calcium ions in brain tissue. The internal field intensity of the carrier waves shown in Table 1 are on the order of 10-2 V/cm. From these observations, the ratio of the amplitudes of the first two terms in Equation (11) is... 

The specific carrier-wave amplitudes (field intensities) which have been found to be effective in producing Ca ion efflux are discussed in terms of tissue properties and relevant mechanisms. The brain tissue is hypothesized to be electrically nonlinear at specific field intensities this nonlinearity demodulates the carrier and releases a 16 Hz signal within ljie tissue. The 16 Hz signal is selectively coupled to the Ca ions by some mechanism, perhaps a dipolar-typ +(Maxwell-Wagner) relaxation, which enhances the efflux of Ca ions. The hypothesis that brain tissue exhibits a slight nonlinearity for certain values of applied RF electric field intensity is not testable by conventional measurements of e because changes... 

The basic properties of a wave significant in diffraction are wavelength, X, that is, the distance between two adjacent peaks of the wave wave amplitude, IAI, specifically, half the difference between peak and depression intensity, / cc IAI2, and phase, [Pg.31]

Eq (2.5), the intensity p > 0 everywhere. The light and dark bands on the screen correspond to constructive and destructive interference, respectively. The wavelike nature of light is convincingly demonstrated by the fact that the intensity with both slits open is not the sum of the individual intensities, i.e., p pi + p2. Rather, it is the wave amplitudes which add ... 

Any periodic wave can be considered as a sum of cosine and sine waves [amplitudes A[hkl) and B hkl), respectively]. The ratio of the amplitudes of the two waves gives a measure of the phase angle (Equation 6.1), and the sum of the squares of the amplitudes gives the intensity (Equation 6.2), which is the square of the amplitude. 

Fig. 4. Average a-wave amplitude ( SEM) as a function of intensity from n-3-deficient (filled circles, n = 12) and control rats (unfilled circles, n = 12). The lines show the best-fitting Naka-Rushton function, which indicate that n-3-deprived animals have a loss of approx 35% amplitude and a sensitivity shift of 0.3 log units compared to controls. Note that below -2.0 log cd/s/m" the a-wave vanishes into noise.

Figure 9-1 An illustration of constructive and destructive interference of waves, (a) If the two identical waves shown at the left are added, they interfere constructively to produce the more intense wave at the right, (b) Conversely, if they are subtracted, it is as if the phases (signs) of one wave were reversed and added to the first wave. This causes destructive interference, resulting in the wave at the right with zero amplitude that is, a straight line.

Figure 7.2 Amplitude (intensity) of a wave. Amplitude is represented by the height of the crest (or depth of the trough) of the wave. The two waves shown have the same wavelength (color) but different amplitudes and, therefore, different brightnesses (intensities).

The wave function is a quantity, which is analogous to the wave amplitude of a light field. Its absolute square is identified with an observed intensity after collecting a huge number of electrons on a screen. In particular, the interference pattern in a double slit experiment with electrons is obtained by superimposing two waves originating from two slits at the positions on a remote screen (Fig. 6.2). At a long distance from the source both spherical and cylinder waves (circular holes or slits) can be approximated by plane waves. At the observation point on the remote screen, the superposition of the two wave functions thus yields. 

Intensity of magnetization n. The rate of transfer of energy across imit areas by the radiation. In all forms of energy transfer by waves (radiation) the intensity I is given by 7 = 0 Uv, where Uis the energy density of the wave in the medium, and v is the velocity of propagation of the wave. The energy density U is always proportional to the square of the wave amplitude. 

In Fig. 14, the total intensity, which is defied as the sum of the amplitudes of the front and stimulated waves, is plotted as a function of time. The figure indicates that the intensity linearly increases with time, expressed in terms of (amplitude = 13.9 + 8.4t), where t is time in s of its unit. The feature of the total peak intensity as a function of time suggests that the front wave and the stimulated wave are united to be a single wave, amplitude of which slightly increases with time. 

Alternatively, suppose two waves of the same wavelength come together out of phase. By out of phase we mean that where one wave has its peaks, the other has its troughs (see Figure 11.48B). When two waves come together out of phase, each peak of one wave combines with a trough of the other so that the resultant wave amplitude is smaller than that of either wave (zero, if the two waves have the same amplitudes). We say that the waves undergo destructive interference. The resultant wave has decreased intensity. 

Complex numbers are often expressed as the sum of a real and an imaginary number of the form a + ib (Figure 2.42). It should be noted that the vector length represents the wave amplitude. A the angle the vector makes with the horizcmtal (real) axis represents its phase, (p (Eq. 13 - Euler s equation). The intensity of a wave is proportional to the square of its amplitude, which may be represented by Eq. 14 - obtained by multiplying the complex exponential function by its complex conjugate (replacing i with — i). 

The experimentally measured quantity is the intensity of scattered radiation, l(u), which is related to the scattered wave amplitude by I(u>=F(u)F (u). ff the electron density function is known, the intensity of the scattered wave can be calculated. Most often it is the reverse problem that is of interest we want to deduce flie structure (dectron density profile in the sample) from the measured intensity. In the next section we present flie mathematical tools that are used in solving this problem. 

Vertical line at 20 ms denotes time of flash. Arrows indicate peaks of a- and b-waves and oscillatory potentials (O.P.). A-wave amplitude is measured fix)m baseline to the a-wave peak. B-wave anq>litude is measured fix>m the a-wave peak to b-wave peak at intensities where the a-wave is present, from baseline otherwise. Implicit latency time is measured from stimulus onset to the peak of the ERG component of interest. The sampling duration was not long enough to record a c-wave in this example. 

Figure 6. Response versus intensity function for b-wave amplitude and implicit time of the scotopic ERG in Cynomolgus monkeys. SF = standard flash at 2.57 cds/m ...

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