Intellectual property rights: and

All Intellectual Property Rights and Know How owned by or licensed to NHS Trust prior to and after the date of this Agreement other than any Intellectual Property Rights and Know How arising from the Clinical Trial is and shall remain the property of the NHS Trust. 

Pearce DW, Puroshothamon S. (1995). The economic value of plant-based pharmaceuticals. In T Swanson (Ed.), Intellectual property rights and biodiversity conservation (pp. 19-44). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 

There is no effective protection of intellectual property right and little incentive for further development of pre-existing preparations available on the market (albeit not yet as drugs). 

Commission on Intellectual Property Rights (CIPR). 2002. Integrating Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy. Report of the Commission on Intellectual Property Rights. London CIPR. Available at http //www.iprcommission.org/ [Accessed November 11, 2005]. 

Cann, Jr., W. 2004. On the Relationship between Intellectual Property Rights and the Need of Less-Developed Countries for Access to Pharmaceuticals Creating a Legal Duty to Supply under a Theory of Progressive Global Consitutionalism. Pennsylvania Journal of International Law 15 755-944. 

Australian Trade Minister and U.S. Trade Ambassador Chapter 17 (Intellectual Property Rights) and Chapter 21 (Dispute Resolution Procedures) (Faunce 2005c). All of these in different ways have the capacity to impact on pharmaceutical cost-effectiveness pricing (Faunce et al. 2005). Chief amongst them, however, is Annex 2C. 

Intellectual Property Rights and Research Tools in Molecular Biology (Washington, DC National Academy Press, 1996). This is also available on the Internet at . 

The Global Politics of Intellectual Property Rights and Pharmaceutical Drug Policies in Developing... 

I Walden, I. In Intellectual Property Rights and Biodiversity Conservation, T. Swanson (Ed.). Cambridge University Press NY. 1995 p 271 McAfee, K. Environment and Planning 1999,17,133-154. 

Kanavos P. Globalisation in Pharmaceutical Markets Legal and Economic Implications of Parallel Trade. Richmond, Surrey, U.K. PJB Publications, 2001. Part of PJB s Scrip Reports series, this book provides a legal history of parallel imports and compulsory licensing worldwide. The author examines current practices on a country-by-country basis, includes detailed statistics illustrating the growth of parallel trade, and discusses intellectual property rights and court decisions. As an alternative to hardcopy format, PJB also offers electronic (HTML or PDF) subscriptions to this publication. 

Most vectors optimized for a certain disease target will consist of multiple components, each fulfilling some necessary technical, biological, or therapeutic need. As the different elements will probably be perfected (and patented) by different companies, the introduction of the optimal multicomponent vector may be difficult because of intellectual property rights and commercial obstacles. 

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