Integrated Safety Analysis Methodology

Hierarchical Approach is a simple but powerful methodology for the synthesis of process flowsheets. It consists of a top-down analysis organised as a clearly defined sequence of tasks grouped in levels. Each level solves a fundamental problem as, number of plants, input/output structure, reactor design and recycle structure, separation system, energy integration, environmental analysis, safety and hazard analysis, and plantwide control. At each level, systematic methods can be applied for the synthesis of subsystems, as chemical reaction, separations, or heat exchangers network. 

Under the AMM cluster a thematic network (FP-4 project IS ANEW) was set up in order to develop and compare different methods in order to study the interaction between human and technological systems. Attention was focused on methodologies based upon the integrated sequence analysis (ISA) of possible events, considering both the human system and the physical process. Sequences of events are simulated through modeling of the plant system and the actions of the operators. Input data used for the simulation come from different disciplines such as probabilistic safety assessments (PSA) and human reliability analysis studies. The... 

Table 1 summarises the coverage of human factors afforded by the integration of safety culture, violations and human error analysis methodologies. 

Borysiewicz, M. et al., 2013. An application of the Value Tree Analysis methodology within an Integrated Risk Informed Decision Making on the nuclear facilities. Reliability Engineering and System Safety, in press. 

As part of the analysis and critique of both CAM and conventional modalities, integrative medicine practitioners search for accurate information in texts, primary literature, and the Internet to counsel their patients on the relative efficacy, safety, and appropriate use of these therapies. To ensure validity of research findings, it is becoming increasingly evident that other methodologies, in addition to the randomized controlled trial, need to be conceived and completed to fully evaluate these unconventional therapies as well as the integrative medical model itself. 

These represent a simplification over a true LCA methodology, and include also aspects related to safety and risk, and economics. They thus could be a basis, which can be adapted for specific cases, for a sustainable chemical production metric, which should be integrated with other assessment tools such as LCA, Sustainable Process Index, and Risk Analysis and evaluation. 

The HERMES methodology was first introduced by Cacciabue (2004a,b) for analyzing the HMI in complex contexts. HERMES is strucmred in a number of steps to preserve the basic requirements of congruence and consistency between both types of retrospective and prospective studies as well as to underpin the correspondence between recurrent HMI analysis and system safety and integrity. 

Layer of protection analysis (LOPA) LOPA is a systematic and structured way of quantification of risk reduction and safety integrity level (SIL) determination. Usually, it starts its work on the data developed in HAZOP analysis. For each documented undesired event with an initiating cause, it provides an independent protection layer (IPL), which will mitigate or prevent the hazard. Then, the total amount of risk can be determined. If safety instrumented function is necessary, LOPA methodology can be used to determine SIL also. From ISA 84 transaction it is found that LOPA is a simplified risk assignment tool used to evaluate the effectiveness of IPLs that are designed to reduce the likelihood or severity of an undesirable event. Quantitative PHA LOPA deals with single cause consequence pairs. Detailed documentation is possible and can be applied for continuous process. 

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