Insulin administration bolus dose

A comprehensive, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of infused bolus L-arg and its enantiomer (D-arg) included healthy subjects, non-insulin dependent diabetics, hypertensive subjects, and normotensives with primary hypercholesterolemia [147]. A blood-pressure drop and an acute inhibition of ADP-induced aggregation in platelet-rich plasma were observed in all subjects after L-arg administration (<5 g). Both responses to L-arg infusion closely correlated in magnitude, were weaker in noninsulin dependent diabetics and hypercholesterolemics, and declined with increasing age. Notably, D-arg did not elicit any of the L-arg effects, which were reduced by some 70% when superimposed upon ongoing, nonselective NOS inhibition with infused L-N-monomethyl-arginine (L-NMMA). Since D-arg is not a NOS substrate, and L-NMMA is a substrate-competitive NOS inhibitor, the L-arg effects observed in this study were theorized to reflect a rise in vascular NO production by eNOS. In contrast, the inhibition of platelet aggregation observed in vitro after a 5 min L-arg infusion (160 mg total dose) into healthy subjects and patients with angiographic... 

In 1992, Drejer et al. [31] investigated the pharmacokinetics of intranasal insulin containing a medium-chain phospholipid (didecanoyl-L-alpha-phosphatidylcho-line) as absorption enhancer in 11 normal volunteers. Intranasal insulin was absorbed in a dose-dependent manner with a mean plasma insulin peak 23 7 min after administration. Mean plasma glucose nadir was seen after 44 6min, 20min after intravenous injection. Moreover, intranasal administration of insulin resulted in a faster time-course of absorption than subcutaneous injection, and the bioavailability for the nasal formulation was 8.3% relative to an intravenous bolus injection when plasma insulin was corrected for endogenous insulin production estimated by C-peptide. 

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