Insects microencapsulation

Slow release formulations incorporate nonpersistent compounds, eg, methyl parathion, insect growth regulators, and sex pheromones, in a variety of granular, laminated, microencapsulated, and hoUow-ftber preparations. 

Growth regulators -animal [GROWIH REGULATIONS - ] (Vol 12) -encapsulation of [MICROENCAPSULATION] (Vol 16) -as insecticides [INSECT CONTROL TECHNOLOGY] (Vol 14) -plant [GROWIH REGULATIONS - ANIMAL] (Vol 12)... 

Uses Methyl parathion is a contact insecticide and acaricide used for the control of boll weevils and many biting or sucking insect pests of agricultural crops. It kills insects by contact, stomach, and respiratory action. The formulations include dusts, emulsifiable concentrate, ULV liquid, microencapsules, and wet-table powders. 

Development Administration and ICI Ltd. have been involved In a collaborative project to develop microencapsulated formulations of lepidopterous sex pheromones for control of insect pests by mating disruption. 

Microencapsulated Pesticides and Their Effects on Non-Target Insects... 

Recent studies Indicate that microencapsulated Insecticides do not represent a unique or special hazard to beneficial Insects, In particular bees. 

It has been found that not only microencapsulated methyl parathlon but also emulslflable concentrate formulations of various pesticides are carried back to hives by bees approximately In proportion to their rates of application. Field studies Involving blooming crops have demonstrated that In many Instances the microencapsulated methyl parathlon Is less hazardous to bees than the corresponding emulslflable concentrate. This hazard can be further reduced by the addition of certain adjuvants of the "sticker" type which in experimental studies has resulted In 50 to 90 percent reductions in bee mortality. Numerous field observations on various crops have shown that microencapsulated methyl parathlon frequently has a minimal adverse effect on entomophagous Insects. 

Another innovation in in-situ microencapsulation is aminoplast shellwalls containing base-cleavable ester moiety [15]. Polyols reacted with diacids that contain thiol or hydroxy functionality produce crosslinking groups. These crosslinking groups along with urea-formaldehyde prepolymer are dissolved into the pesticide and the in-situ microencapsulation process is completed. The resultant microcapsules may contain an insecticide that is safer to handle under acidic conditions yet will rapidly release the insecticide in the alkaline gut of an insect. Alternately, base could be added to the spray tank to rapidly release capsule contents prior to application. 

Hall DR, Nesbitt BF, Marrs GJ, (ireen ASJ, Campion DG, Critchley BR. 1982 Development of microencapsulated pheromone formulations, pp. 131-143 in Insect pheromone technology chemistry and applications. ACS Symp Scr 190, Washington DC. 

This chapter presents selected solutions in food packaging where microencapsulation technologies have been applied such as (1) flavor releasing, (2) coloring agents and pigments, (3) antimicrobial, and (4) insect or rodent resistance. 

Food packaging is the last line of defense available for producers against insect and/or rodent infestation of finished food products. Damage due to pests is equally important in stored raw materials and in semi-processed and final food products. Repelling activity of food packaging due to incorporation of microencapsulated active compounds has been more widely discussed in context of insects than rodents, nevertheless we also mention the second application here. 

From sheets and towels that smell fresh every day to disinfectant wipes and garments with insect repellent, microencapsulation has truly taken ofF in textile finishing. However, microencapsulation technology remains complex and relatively expensive, and is not considered to be a routine finish or a substitute for other commonly used techniques that can be accomplished by conventional means. 

R. officinalis L. (Lamiaceae) can be found in the Mediterranean area. The used parts are the fresh owering tops. The essential oil can be used as antipest due to its effect on beetles, caterpillar larvae, and many other insects (Dayan et ah, 2009) like Drosophila auraria (Konstantopoulou et ah, 1992), Sitophilus oryzae (Lee et ah, 2004), or Rhyzopertha dominica (Shaaya et ah, 1991). The microencapsulated essential oil also showed larvicidal effects on Lymantria dispar (Moretti et ah, 2002). In Acanthoscelides obtectus males and females, R. officinalis volatile oil also caused high mortality rates (Papachristos and Stamopoulos, 2002). Repellent activity was reported against Listronotus oregonensis (Niepel, 2000). 

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