Insects insecticides

Pesticides include many types of chemicals that are spread around in the environment to kill some specific sort of pest, usually insects (insecticides), weeds (herbicides), or fungi (fungicides).2 The total worldwide use of pesticides is now about a million tonnes per year. Historically, insecticides have gone through several generations, which we will categorize as follows ... 

Heterorhabditis megidis Parasitic nematode that controls soil insects (insecticide)... 

The term pesticide includes chemicals used to eradicate rodents (rodenticides), fungi (fungicides), weeds (herbicides) and insects (insecticides). These agrochemicals may be used directly on the medicinal plant crop itself, they may be used on crops growing adjacent to the herbs or they may occur as general environmental pollutants in soil, air or water. The presence of insecticide residues is of particular concern because those of the organochlorine type (DDT etc.) have been shown to cause cancers in animals and those of the organophosphate and carbamate types are potent cholinesterase inhibitors. 

In an effort to determine the criteria that should be used to invoke cases of enhanced degradation, an experimental approach for Its study was developed that focused on laboratory investigations with field-collected soils. It was obvious that Insecticide control failures were common occurrences and certainly not all due to enhanced degradation, as Investigations of faulty application methods and unusual environmental conditions have shown (18). The ideal approach to the study of enhanced degradation would Involve controlled field research in which pesticide persistence and control efficacy were both measured at many locations over a number of years. However, the tremendous cost In time and effort and confounding of results by environmental variables make a controlled laboratory approach desirable. The limitation of laboratory efforts focused exclusively on the soil-lnsecticlde Interaction is that they cannot fully address the additional insect-insecticide and Insect-crop interactions present in the field. This means that caution must be excercised when proof of enhanced degradation is discovered In the laboratory, for this does not necessarily mean that Insect control and crop yield will be adversely affected under field conditions. 

Broadly speaking, pesticides include many different chemical structures and are used to control pest plants and animals. They are generally classi-hed according to their target as follows insects (insecticides), nematodes (nematicides), mollusks (molluscicides), weeds (herbicides), bacteria (bactericides), fungi (fungicides), and so on. 

Fluorinated surfactants are used in insecticide formulations to aid wetting and penetration of the insecticide into the insect. Insecticidal aerosols may contain an insecticide, solvent, and a fluorinated surfactant. An insecticide formulated with a fluorinated surfactant and dimethyl ether as the solvent is readily absorbed by insects [194]. Some fluorinated surfactants are insecticides in their own right, affecting the common housefly and the carmine mite [192]. The mechanism of insecticidal activity appears to be suffocation of the insect by the adsorbed fluorinated surfactant. 

Syn. Crop protecting agents G. Pflanzenschutzmittel E pesticides P. are chemicals that are used to protect plants/ crops from rodents (rodenticide), molluscs (mol-luscicide), insects (- insecticide), fungi (fungicide), bacteria (bactericide), viruses (virucide) or weeds (herbicide). 

The terms repellent, irritant, excitant, and stimulant were commonly used to describe an insect s behavioral response to insecticides, but new terms were frequently introduced while existing definitions were broadened to cover as many aspects as possible. Some of the existing terms, such as repellent and irritant, were considered to be too vague to distinguish between neurotoxic effects and regular sensory inputs, and a new discussion arose regarding the terminology used for insect-insecticide interactions. ... 

CaH24N.,03P2,(Me2N)2P(0)0P(0)(NMe2)z. It is not highly toxic to insects when used as a contact insecticide, but is readily absorbed by the roots and leaves of plants and translocated in the sap, so that the plant becomes toxic to species feeding on it. 

---