Inorganic superconductors metals

Rare-earth nanomaterials find numerous applications as phosphors, catalysts, permanent magnets, fuel cell electrodes and electrolytes, hard alloys, and superconductors. Yan and coauthors focus on inorganic non-metallic rare-earth nanomaterials prepared using chemical synthesis routes, more specifically, prepared via various solution-based routes. Recent discoveries in s)mthesis and characterization of properties of rare-earth nanomaterials are systematically reviewed. The authors begin with ceria and other rare-earth oxides, and then move to oxysalts, halides, sulfides, and oxysulfides. In addition to comprehensive description of s)mthesis routes that lead to a variety of nanoforms of these interesting materials, the authors pay special attention to summarizing most important properties and their relationships to peculiar structural features of nanomaterials s)mthesized over the last 10-15 years. 

Having discussed the general physics of the subject, we now present brief overviews of inorganic superconductors (the competition for the organic case) and of organic quasi-one-dimensional metals. 

Since scanning tunneling microscopy requires flat conducting surfaces, it is not surprising that most of its early application was to study inorganic materials [17, 19, 20, 29-34]. These studies include investigations of catalytic metal surfaces [24, 35-37], silicon and other oxides [21], superconductors [38], gold... 

A wide class of materials (metals, semiconductors, superconductors, biominerals, water-soluble inorganic and organic compounds, etc.) can be produced using these systems [203-206]. 

The discovery in 1973 that polysulfur nitride (SN)X, a polymer comprised only of non-metallic elements, behaves as a superconductor at 0.26 K sparked widespread interest in sulfur-nitrogen (S-N) chemistry. In the past 30 years, the field of inorganic S-N chemistry has reached maturity and interfaces with other areas of chemistry, e.g., theoretical chemistry, materials chemistry, organic synthesis, polymer chemistry and biochemistry, have been established and are under active development. This interest has been extended to Se-N and, to a lesser extent, Te-N systems. 

The results were promising, but did not last long because of the discovery of inorganic ceramics. The ceramics displayed superconductivity without any cooling (Vanderah 1992). Nevertheless, organic metal and superconductors have their advantages, and investigation is carried out in this direction. 

All these successes were important, but their significance was lessened because inorganic ceramics had been discovered. The ceramics displayed superconductivity with no cooling at all (Vanderah, 1992). Nevertheless, organic metals and superconductors have their advantages, and investigations in this direction continue. 

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