Injection site reactions derivatives

Anakinra is the first biologic drug that has been developed specifically as an interleukin (IL)-l receptor antagonist and is derived from an endogenous IL-IRa. The drug blocks the activity of IL-1 in synovial joints, reducing the infiammatory and joint destructive processes associated with rheumatoid arthritis. It is administered subcutaneously and is generally well tolerated. Injection-site reactions are the most commonly reported adverse event. 

Phenytoin is the only widely used hydantoin and, unless otherwise specified, effects discussed here refer to phenytoin. Other hydantoin derivatives include ethotoin (rINN), mephenytoin (rINN), and albutoin (rINN) (all of which are obsolete), and fosphenytoin (rINN). The latter is a water-soluble prodrug that is rapidly hydrolysed to phenytoin after intravenous or intramuscular injection. It causes fewer adverse reactions near the injection site (pain, phlebitis, tissue necrosis, purple hand syndrome) than phenytoin. 

Picibanil (OK 432) is derived from Streptococcus pyogenes and has been used in the treatment of cancers, lymphangiomas, and viral infections. Low-grade fever, nausea and vomiting, and an inflammatory reaction at the injection site were commonly reported, whereas joint pain and mild liver dysfunction were seldom described. 

In contrast to contact hypersensitivity, tuberculin-type hypersensitivity reactions are primarily dermal and result from intradermal injections into the skin. In people that have had tuberculosis or have been exposed to the bacterium through infection or BCG immunization, a cell-mediated immune response to the bacterium develops. When small amounts of tuberculin (a complex mixture of antigenic material derived from Mycobacterium tuberculosis) are subsequently injected into the skin, a localized T cell-dependent inflammatory response develops in the dermis. Within 24-72 h of injection, individuals with prior exposure to the bacterium display a raised, red, indurated area on the skin at the injection site. The lack of a response suggests no prior exposure to the bacterium. 

Injection-site discomfort and low-grade fever have been reported. Systemic reactions are extremely rare, but myalgia, lethargy, and anaphylactic shock have been reported. As with all plasma-derived products, there is a theoretical risk of transmission of infectious disease. 

Radioautography at the cellular level was applied to the study of brain lipids after injection of various precursors, such as acetate, labeled either with H or with in position 1 or 2, serine-3- C or cholesterol- H (Torvik and Sidman, 1965). Since some of these precursors were incorporated into proteins, lipid activity was determined by subtracting the radioautographic reaction observed over sections derived from tissue fixed in Carnoy s fluid (which will extract most lipids) from that seen over formalin-flxed frozen sections. The authors attempted to localize more closely the site of lipid formation in the brain and concluded that the rate of uptake was most... 

---