Injectable bone substitutes hydrogels

Table 9.3 Examples of injectable bone substitutes based on in situ gelation hydrogels... 

Recently, efforts towards composites of hydrogels and bone substitutes have been intensified and several products have been launched (Table 2.3). These efforts are expressed by a rapid increase in the number of publications. For example, a search in Scopus (www.scopus.com) using the two keywords Injectable and Ceramic (in all fields ) shows that almost 350 pubUcations were published in 2009 (Fig. 2.1). 

In addition, Wang s group developed a one-step method to synthesize photo-cross-linkable macromers based on copolymers of PEG and PPE and further photopolymerized them to form hydrogels, which were capable of cell encapsulation. Qiu and co-workers have prepared a series of unsaturated PPEs (eqn [14]), which can be cross-linked. They have investigated the cross-linking, mechanical properties, degradation, and biocompatibility of these materials as injectable and biodegradable bone substitutes. 

The main form of thermoresponsive biomaterials for tissue engineering are hydrogels that are especially attractive as injectable biomaterials in cardiac tissue repair (Hasan et al., 2015 Cui et al., 2014), bone substitutes (Bongio et al., 2013), neuronal injury (Stabenfeldt et al., 2006), comeal tissue engineering (Hopkinson et al., 2008), adipose tissue engineering (Tan et al., 2009), muscle (Ding et al., 2013) and vascular (Jordan et al., 2005) tissue engineering. 

Daculsi, G., et al., 2011. Scaffold effects of microporous biphasic calcium phosphate granules and role of HPMC hydrogels in injectable multiphasic bone substitute developments. Bioceram. Dev. Appl. 1, 1-4. Available at http //www.omicsonline.coin/open-access/ scaffold-effects-of-microporous-biphasic-calcium-phosphate-granules-and-role-of-hpmc-hydrogels-in-injectable-multiphasic-bone-substitute-developments-2090-5025.110176. pdf (accessed 04.01.16). 

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