Initiatives benchmark

The initial benchmark results obtained with the full CCSD-R12 method [34] testified that the various simplified CCSD-R12 methods reported earlier were highly accurate approximations to the full CCSD-R12 method unless the basis set was too small. The assumptions about the relative importance of diagrammatic terms made in these simplified methods were proven to be valid. However, these neglected terms do not increase the computational cost scaling of CCSD-R12 and there appears no need to eliminate them from full CCSD-R12, once they are implemented. In other words, it is important to distinguish whether a certain approximation is motivated by a compromise between accuracy and the computational cost or by that between accuracy and the development cost. The latter has become increasingly unjustifiable with the advent of computerized derivation and implementation. 

The two last years was marked by working diagram, the initial benchmark flowsheet. This result will enable the technological teams (chemical engineering at Marcoule, energy at Cadarache and materials at Saclay and Grenoble) to start working in on the optimisation of systems and components. 

This chapter describes the benchmarks, also called standards or outcomes, that can be selected to achieve an inclusion initiative. Benchmarks help people in organizations describe results or aspirations. In a new field like diversity and inclusion, it is important to develop benchmarks to help people know what is considered excellent work. Without benchmarks (or standards or outcomes), there can be a great disparity of opinion over what constitutes quality work. 

Initially benchmarking activities were concentrated solely on competitors until it became clear that Xerox s objective in achieving superior performance in each business function was not being obtained by looking only at competitors practices. 

The first finite element schemes for differential viscoelastic models that yielded numerically stable results for non-zero Weissenberg numbers appeared less than two decades ago. These schemes were later improved and shown that for some benchmark viscoelastic problems, such as flow through a two-dimensional section with an abrupt contraction (usually a width reduction of four to one), they can generate simulations that were qualitatively comparable with the experimental evidence. A notable example was the coupled scheme developed by Marchal and Crochet (1987) for the solution of Maxwell and Oldroyd constitutive equations. To achieve stability they used element subdivision for the stress approximations and applied inconsistent streamline upwinding to the stress terms in the discretized equations. In another attempt, Luo and Tanner (1989) developed a typical decoupled scheme that started with the solution of the constitutive equation for a fixed-flow field (e.g. obtained by initially assuming non-elastic fluid behaviour). The extra stress found at this step was subsequently inserted into the equation of motion as a pseudo-body force and the flow field was updated. These authors also used inconsistent streamline upwinding to maintain the stability of the scheme. 

A benchmark study examined the difficulty in reproducing QRA resLilts. Several expert teams were given identical systems to analyze using common techniques and a common database. The analysts were initially given total latitude concerning necessary assumptions, events to consider, data, and so forth. Figure 15 illustrates the results of the... 

If the acceleration is positive, our parcel is buoyant and spontaneous convection occurs. The atmospheric layer is said to be unstable. Negative acceleration implies that a small displacement, Az, results in the parcel accelerating back toward its initial position and therefore indicates stability. If dP /dz is that for an adiabatic test parcel dT /dz = —gM/Cp and dl/dz that of the existing layer, then for dP/dz > —9.8 K/km is stable and for d7/dz < — 9.8K/km is unstable. The 9.8 K/km figure then provides a simple benchmark for static stability of dry air. 

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