Infrared heating furnace

Another style of furnace system, provided by Ulvac/Sinku-Rico Inc. [11], is an infrared heating furnace (Figure 2.9). This... 

Thick-film metallizations for solar cells are processed in infrared-heated furnaces. These furnaces utilize infrared lamps as the source of heat. With infrared furnaces, it is possible to maintain very short dwell times at peak firing temperatures. 

In the thermal-catalytic method a peroxide catalyst is usually used to initiate the free radical chain reaction. The main disadvantages are the higher temperatures required for carrying out the polymerizations, the potential hazard of explosion on addition of catalyst to the monomer, and disposal of excess catalyzed monomer after impregnating. Combinations of heat, radiation, and catalyst have been experimented with to reduce the radiation and catalyst requirements and to increase the rate of polymerization. In thermal polymerization a muffle furnace, infrared heating, and microwave heating can be used to provide the thermal energy. 

Fast Heating Thermogravirnetry Using an Infrared Image Furnace... 

Dissolve 700 g potassium (or sodium) chromate in 1 1 water, and add 3 g potassium (or sodium) hydroxide. Evaporate the solution to dryness by infrared heating. Transfer the salts to porcelain or Vycor glass crucibles, gradually heat in a muffle furnace to 500°C, cool, and store in sealed bottles. 

Infrared thermometry is to identify the maximum permissible temperature of tube alloys, to determine furnace heat flux, scale heat conductivity, and tube heat transfer rates. 

The Subpart O standards apply to units that treat or destroy hazardous waste and which meet the definition of an incinerator. An incinerator is any enclosed device that uses controlled flame combustion and does not meet the criteria for classification as a boiler, sludge dryer, carbon regeneration unit, or industrial furnace. Typical incinerators1 2 3 include rotary kilns, liquid injectors, fixed hearth units, and fluidized bed incinerators (Table 23.1). The definition of an incinerator also includes units that meet the definition of an infrared incinerator or plasma arc incinerator. An infrared incinerator is any enclosed device that uses electric-powered resistance as a source of heat and which is not listed as an industrial furnace. A plasma arc incinerator is any enclosed device that uses a high-intensity electrical discharge as a source of heat and which is not listed as an industrial furnace. 

But not all materials emit the same amount of light when heated to the same temperature there is a spectral distribution of electromagnetic waves. For example, a piece of glass and a piece of iron when heated in the same furnace look different the glass is nearly colourless yet feels hotter to the skin because it emits more infrared light conversely, the iron glows because it emits visible as well as infrared light. 

The magnesium cyclopentadienide will rapidly accumulate on the wall of the furnace tube below the furnace, and to prevent complete clogging of the tube this must be removed. We have used for this purpose a magnetically operated scraper, but the product can be sublimed or melted down with heating tape, infrared lamp, or cautiously with a flame. 

Lead Transfer 4.0 g of sample to an evaporating dish, add 4 mL of sulfuric acid solution (1 4), distributing it evenly throughout the sample, and evaporate most of the water on a steam bath. Char and dehydrate the sample by heating on a hot plate, while at the same time, heating with an infrared lamp from above, and then heat in a muffle furnace at 500° until the residue is free from carbon. Remove the dish from the furnace, cool, and cautiously wash down the inside of the dish with water. Add 1 mL of 1 A hydrochloric acid, evaporate to dryness on a steam bath, then add 2 mL of 1 A hydrochloric acid, and heat briefly, while stirring, on a steam bath. Quantitatively transfer the solution into a separator with the aid of small quantities of water, and neutralize with 1 A ammonium hydroxide. This Sample Solution meets the requirements of the Lead Limit Test, Appendix IIIB, using 4 pg of lead (Pb) ion in the control. 

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