Information flow, biological

Information flowing from the Human Genome Project is having major influences in fields such as proteomics, bioinformatics, biotechnology, and pharmacogenomics as well as all areas of biology and medicine. 

The central dogma of molecular biology, showing the general pathways of information flow via replication, transcription, and translation. The term "dogma" is a misnomer. Introduced by Francis Crick at a time when little evidence supported these ideas, the dogma has become a well-established principle. 

The basic dogma of biology states that information flows from genes, represented by DNA, via a messenger molecule, the mRNA, to proteins ... 

Evolution counteracts simplistic notions of a static world in which all effects have one cause and where linear thinking and operations are dominant. In Chapter 4, we have encountered the central dogma of biology, according to which all information flows from DNA to RNA to protein. As reverse transcriptases exist and transform RNA back into DNA, we know the central dogma is not strictly correct. In this chapter, we will encounter several situations which collectively challenge the notion of... 

Captured within the last of these bullet points is the essence of drug therapy The goal is to administer a drug that will bind with a receptor and lead to a beneficial cascade of biological information flow that produces the desired therapeutic effect. 

Biological examples of this information flow strategy are ubiquitous throughout Nature. Some of the most fundamental examples in Nature involve DNA replication as well as DNA transcription to RNA followed by translation to produce proteins. More specifically, the biotic synthesis of DNA involves the following steps ... 

The major direction of information flow in biological systems is from DNA to RNA to protein. However, there are instances in which RNA is copied into a complementary DNA strand by the process dubbed reverse transcription by the enzyme known as the reverse transcriptase . This mechanism is used by retroviruses including the HIV virus, whose infectious particles contain RNA as the genetic material. The virus particles contain a virally encoded reverse transcriptase which, following infection, copies the viral RNA into DNA. The resultant DNA copy is incorporated into the genome of the infected cell. 

The central dogma of molecular biology states that genetic information flows from genes, via RNA, to proteins. In this flow of information, messenger RNA (mRNA) is generated in a process called transcription and is subsequently processed to yield a mature transcript. The transcriptome is the combined set of aU transcripts present in a cell at a certain time, but it should be noted that mRNA is only a minor component of the entire... 

The coding and replication of genetic information are some of the most important topics in biochemistry, and their study involves many of the concepts introduced in this chapter life, biomolecules, chemical reactions, energetics. In this final section of the first chapter we present a brief overview of the genetic aspects of biochemistry (also known as molecular biology). The material in this overview will help place the material in Chapters 2 through 16 in perspective. Genetic information flow is the subject of the final three chapters of the book. 

Information Flow in Biological Systems Classes of RNA Molecules Transcription Post-transcriptional... 

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