Information exchange, intensity

Advanced Research Workshops (ARW) are expert meetings where an intense but informal exchange of views at the frontiers of a subject aims at identifying directions for future action... 

Work To Date. From 1977-80, the most intensive and productive OECD activities focused upon Mutual Acceptance of Data (MAD) and the development of test guidelines and GLP s. Efforts also were devoted to the Step Sequence Group and, in particular, that body s efforts to develop a Minimum Pre-Marketing Set of Data (MPD). Technical and scientific work also progressed on the various hazard assessment issues and expert groups worked on recommendations concerning confidential data, definitions of key terms, and principles of information exchange. 

Market research should add information and use it for a better assessment of chances, risks and options. It should not be used to reduce the project idea to a few simple figures. The usefulness of market research depends a good deal on intensive interaction between research and marketing and information exchange in both directions. 

The intensity of information exchange, shown by a sloping arrow on the right, is measured by the volume, frequency, and complexity of the information exchanged. As mutual adjustment and uncertainty increase, so does the need for increasing the intensity of information exchange. 

However, a word of caution is warranted. Be wary of regular, intense socializing with peers, supervisees, and supervisors. Information exchanged and views expressed, by you and others, in those informal social settings can complicate carrying out your and their work-related responsibilities. 

NMR spectra of molecules in liquids contain essentially five sources of information the intensities of individual resonances (which depend on the number of nuclei responsible), chemical shifts (the interaction of nuclear spins with an applied magnetic field), spin-spin coupling (their interactions with one another), spin relaxation (the restoration of thermal equilibrium), and chemical exchange (the effects of conformational and chemical equilibria). 

Exchange of magnetization due to cross-relaxation (NOE, nuclear Overhauser effect) does lead to intensity changes of individual resonances which provide valuable information about spatial and motional characteristics of the spins involved [4, 5]. It is currently mostly measured in two-dimensional NMR, where the NOE is measured as cross-peak intensity. Cross-relaxation is caused by mutual spin flips in dipolar coupled spin pairs. 

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