Influences of Reducing Agents

Figu re 7.4 Schematic diagram of the electrochemical apparatus for the synthesis of gold nanocubes. (Adapted from 

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Table 5. Influence of reducing agent to substrate ratio...

Nitrate determination in plant digests. With zone sampling one standard solution was sufficient to circumvent the influence of reducing agents in the extracts on the development of the colourforming reaction [350]. 

Leonard BM, Zhou Q, Wu D, DiSalvo FJ (2011) Facile synthesis of PtNi intermetallic nanoparticles influence of reducing agent and precursors on electrocatalytic activity. Chem Mater 23 1136-1146... 

For experimental confirmation of equation (3), the influence of reducing agent concentration on the rate of chloride gold (III) complex ions reduction was measured. Obtained results are shown in Fig. 2. 

Recalic, V. I., Fission of di- or polysulfide bonds upon the influence of reducing agents, J. Polymer Sci., Polymer Chem. Ed., 18, 2033, 1980. 

Several methods were reported for the analysis of histamine, but the fluorimetric determination with o-phthaldialdehyde (OPA) the most widely used. It was shown that adducts, formed in the reaction of histamine with OPA in the presence of reducing agent, is more stable and gives high relative fluorescence intensity. The influences of different tiols on the fluorimeric determination histamine with OPA have been investigated. 

Sometimes solution reactions take place in the presence of reducing agents, and evidently the reducing sites on MgO play an analogous role (Lamb, Gates, and Knozinger, 1988). The reactivities of all the metal oxides are influenced by the treatment conditions and methods of... 

The products of the oxidation of reducing agent (phosphite in the case of hypophosphite or borate in the case of boron-containing agents) do not directly influence the kinetics of deposition. 

The chemical nature of the oxide has a strong influence on the importance of Pt particle size. The effect is much clearer on silica than it is on y-alumina or on zirconia [16]. It is also very dependent on the chemical reaction considered. It is true for oxidation of NO into NO2, but much less so for its reduction, where the amount of reducing agent may have a stronger role than the initial dispersion and particle size of Pt [17]. 

It has been well established that, for butane selective oxidation, both the precursor formation step and its activation are of crucial importance for the final performance of the catsdyst. The type of solvent and the kind of reducing agent used have been correlated with e catalytic activity. Apparently the use of organic media is regarded as more convenient than other methods. However, very limited information is obtained firom the literature with respect to the influence of these two steps in the oxidation of n-pentane. Only the surface topology of the catalyst was discussed as controlling the PA/MA ratio at n-pentane oxidation (8). 

Water-soluble peroxides, such as sodium or ammonium persulfate, are commonly used in the industrial arena. The thermal dissociation of this initiator (109) results in the formation of sulfate radicals which initiate polymer chains in the aqueous phase. It is possible to use other oxidants, such as hydrogen peroxide [7722-84-1] or persulfates in the presence of reducing agents and/or polyvalent metal ions (87). In this manner, a redox initiator system is formed which allows the experimenter to initiate polymer chains over a much broader range of temperatures (25-90°C) than simple thermal initiation (75-90°C) (110). The primary disadvantage of this initiation method is that greater level of salt impurities are introduced to the reactor which could, perhaps, adversely influence final polymer properties such as stability. 

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