Inert gas flow rate

Additional samples were prepared from the three resins and were heated at temperatures between 940° and 1100°, under different inert gas flow rate and with different heating rates. The samples have different microporosities and show different capacities for lithium insertion. The results for all the carbons prepared from resins are shown in Fig. 32, which shows the reversible capacity plotted as a function of R. The reversible capacity for Li insertion increases as R decreases. This result is consistent with the result reported in reference 12,... 

Before injection of 0.5-lml of solution into the zinc column, the inert gas flow rate was adjusted to 0.71 min-1, and the furnace (1700°C) and recorder were turned on and allowed to establish a stable baseline (approximately 10s). The solution was injected as quickly as possible using a syringe and the furnace turned off when the recorder signal had returned to the previously established baseline (approximately 20s). 

As sweep gas flow rate is increased, the performance of the reactor improves until the flow rate is about one thousand times the reactant flow rate. The concentration of all species, but most importantly formaldehyde decreases in the shell side of the reactor as this happens. This increases the driving force for permeation of all species. After increasing this flow rate to a certain point further increases in inert gas flow rate do not change the concentration gradient of any species along the reactor because the shell concentrations of all species is... 

When the inert gas flow rate is increased, the gas-solid contact regime evolves from the conventional spouted bed... 

An example of a size-selecting cluster source is depicted in Fig. 16.1 [11]. A laser ablates a metal target, generating gas-phase metal atoms. Clusters then form in an aggregation tnbe that allows rough control of cluster size due to the inert gas flow rate, pressure and length of the channel. 

Inert gas flow rate - only low flow rates are required to provide an inert atmosphere, once the apparatus has been swept with the gas. 

CRA-63 Procedure. The optimum operating parameters for the determination of beryllium with the CRA-63 carbon rod atomizer as established by this study are presented in the detailed procedure at the end of this chapter. The effect of operating parameters (ashing power, inert gas flow rate, etc.) on the instrumental response of beryllium has been reported (20). 

Reduce inert gas flow rate to ca 600 mU/min Flush reduction solution (0.5 mL/s) into the reaction chamber with a pressure of 150 hPa on the reduction solution vessel 12... 

As a result the combinatorial polymerization system was optimized for the best processing parameters using a set of input variables that included reactant parameters (relative amounts of starting components and catalyst loading) and processing variables (reaction time, reaction temperature, and inert gas flow rate). The measured output parameters were the chemical properties of materials and variabihty of the material formation within each of the microreactors as measured noninvasively using optical spectroscopy. 

Fig. 8.6 Schematic drawings of gas flow path of an electrode (From [22]). Uf is the reactant flow rate, u, is the inert gas flow rate, is the consumed gas rate by the applied currents, V is the volume between inert gas inlet port and electrode, is the volume of gas channel...

Fig. 8.7 Schematic drawings of flow rate changes caused by the inert gas addition. The reactant flow rate increases during tj j and decreases for tij, (From [22]). Of is the reactant flow rale, o is the inert gas flow rate, o is the consumed gas rate due to the applied currents, Of a is the flow rale increase due to the inert gas addition, Of,b is the flow rate decrease by the intr ruption of inert gas addition, V is the volume between inert gas inlet port and electrode, Vg is the volume of gas channel. is the time to fill Vc, t,- is the time of the gas filled in the volume Vf to flow over the electrode...

Thus, the EASA firom the voltammogram shown in Fig. 17.7 is 19 m Pt/g Pt, but catalyst loading of cathode cannot be revealed due to proprietary data. Lobato et al. [63] has shown an EASA for commercial HT-PEMFC electrocatalysts between 40 and 55 m Pt/g Pt although scan rate, gas flow rates, and measuring temperature are different to those used to carry out the CV in Fig. 17.7. So comparison of results cannot be done. EASA data between 7 and 20 m Pt/g Pt for an HT-PEM ME A have been shown by Galbiati et al. [29]. In this case, the data may be more comparable with the one presented here but different parameters have been selected to perform the CV. For example, inert gas flow rates have a high impact on accurate determination of the EASA as reported Schneider et al. [64]. 

The pyrolysis must be controlled in order to prevent imdesired bmn off and chemical damage of the membrane precursor during pyrolysis. Therefore, the pyrolysis can be carried out either in vacumn or inert atmosphere. Vacmun pyrolysis was reported to yield more selective but less permeable carbon membranes (from a polyimide precursor) than an inert gas pyrolysis system [34,85]. When dealing with the inert gas pyrolysis system, one must consider how the inert gas flow rate will affect the performance of the resulting caibon membranes. Generally, an increase in gas flow rate will improve the permeability of carbon membranes without interfering with their selectivity very much [85, 91]. 

The effect of inert gas flow rate on the gas separation performance is presented in Table 4.14. Decrease in flow rate remarkably decreases the flux without significant change in the selectivity. When the non-volatile by-products are not removed quickly enough ditring pyrolysis, they can presumably degrade further and leave carbon deposits on the siuface of the carbon, which can reduce the permeant gas flux. 

Face-centered cubic-phased Ni(0) with controlled shape (particles [158] and flowers [159]) can be synthesized via thermal decomposition at 400-500°C (Scheme 3.4) of tris(bipyridine)nickel(II) chloride [Ni(2,2 -bipy)3]Cl2-5H20 [158], bis(bipyridine) nickel(II) chloride [Ni(2,2 -bipy)2Cy [158], and [Ni(NH3)JCl2 [159] compounds under flowing inert atmosphere. A careful selection of the precursor, control of heating, and inert gas flow rates leads to different sized metallic particles. 

Slow pyrolysis of biomass operates at relatively low heating rates (0. l-2°C/s) and longer solid and vapor residence time (2-30 min) to favor biochar yield (Nanda et al., 2014b). Slow pyrolysis operates at temperature lower than that of fast pyrolysis, t q)ically 400 10°C and has a gas residence time usually > 5 s. Slow pyrolysis is similar to carbonization (for low temperatures and long residence times). During conventional pyrolysis, biomass is slowly devolatilized facilitating the formation of chars and some tars as the main products. This process yields different range of products with their properties dependent on temperature, inert gas flow rate and residence time. 

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