Industrial organisms used

Professional society of persons conducting research in occupational safety and health or responsible for implementing industrial hygiene programs in governmental and industrial organizations. Establishes exposure limits for toxic chemicals used in the workplace. 

The oil industry frequently uses stainless steels or exotic bonded alloys for the processing of crude oil in the temperature range 200-600°C. These materials are very expensive and there is a strong economic incentive for finding cheaper alloys which are resistant to HjS and some gaseous organic sulphides arising from the S content of the crude oil". ... 

In a catalytic asymmetric reaction, a small amount of an enantio-merically pure catalyst, either an enzyme or a synthetic, soluble transition metal complex, is used to produce large quantities of an optically active compound from a precursor that may be chiral or achiral. In recent years, synthetic chemists have developed numerous catalytic asymmetric reaction processes that transform prochiral substrates into chiral products with impressive margins of enantio-selectivity, feats that were once the exclusive domain of enzymes.56 These developments have had an enormous impact on academic and industrial organic synthesis. In the pharmaceutical industry, where there is a great emphasis on the production of enantiomeri-cally pure compounds, effective catalytic asymmetric reactions are particularly valuable because one molecule of an enantiomerically pure catalyst can, in principle, direct the stereoselective formation of millions of chiral product molecules. Such reactions are thus highly productive and economical, and, when applicable, they make the wasteful practice of racemate resolution obsolete. 

An even more elegant approach for the production of D-phydroxyphenylglydne on an industrial scale uses foe bacterium. Agrobacterium radiobacter (Figure A8.8). The organism is able to produce both D-hydantoinase and a second enzyme, N-carbamoyl-D-amino acid aminohydrolase, which catalyse the hydrolysis of N-carbamoyl-D-amino add. 

Potential effects on the micro-organisms used for industrial food processing... 

The chief sources of the paraffins are natural gas and petroleum. Petroleum (also called crude oil ) is a complex mixture of paraffins that can he separated by a process called distillation into fractions according to their boiling range. The C1-C4 paraffins under normal conditions are gases, C5-C17 are liquids, and Cig and higher are solids. Paraffins serve many uses to help mankind. Perhaps most importantly, they are the building blocks from which most of our industrial organic chemicals are manufactured. 

HMF is an important versatile sugar derivative and is a key intermediate between bio-based carbohydrate chemistry and petroleum based industrial organic chemistry (1, 2). The most coimnon feedstock for HMF is fructose and reactions are carried out in water-based solvent systems using acid catalysis (3,4). HMF is unstable in water at low pH and breaks down to form levulinic acid and formic acid, resulting in an expensive HMF recovery process. In strongly polar organic co-solvents, such as dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), levuhnic acid formation is reduced and HMF yields are improved (5). 

This book is primarily intended for use by academic and industrial organic chemists, most of whom will have interests in fluorinated... 

Different organic acids, primarily lactic acid, have been successfully used for decontamination of whole livestock carcasses, and the application of different organic acids used for decontamination has also been tested in the fruit and vegetable industry. Organic acids other than lactic acid that are known to have bactericidal effects are acetic, benzoic, citric, malic, propanoic, sorbic, succinic and tartaric acids (Betts and Everis 2005). The antimicrobial action is due to a reduction in the pH in the bacterial environment, disruption of membrane transport, anion accumulation or a reduction in the internal pH in the cell (Busta et al., 2001). Many fruits contain naturally occurring organic acids. Nevertheless, some strains, for example E. coli 0157, are adapted to an acidic environment. Its survival, in combination with its low infective dose, makes it a health hazard for humans. 

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