Inducible costimulator

Gregori, S. et al. (2001) Transplantation tolerance by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-induced costimulation blockade. Transplantation Proceedings, 33, 219—220. 

Schmidt J, Rakocevic G, Raju R, Dalakas MC. (2004) Upregulated inducible costimulator and ICOS-ligand in inclusion body myositis muscle significance for CD8-I- T cell cytotoxicity. Brain 127, 1182-1190. 

Mechanism of peripheral immune tolerance characterized by a state of functional unresponsiveness induced in T cells by suboptimal or partial stimulation. Engagement of the antigen receptor in the absence of costimulation signaling induces anergy in T cells, which become unable to respond to new stimulations. 

Pollard, K.M. et al., Costimulation requirements of induced murine systemic autoimmune disease, J. Immunol., 173, 5880, 2004. 

Tai X, Cowan M, Feigenbaum L, Singer A CD28 costimulation of developing thymocytes induces Foxp3 expression and regulatory T cell differentiation independently of interleukin-2. Nat Immunol 2005 6 152-162. 

Alternately, it is known that IL-10 has both stimulatory and inhibitory effects on diverse types of cells, including costimulation of T-cell prohferation (particularly Th2 cells), chemoattraction of CDS T cells, and stimulation of LAK cell activity. Also, osteoclast-hke cells demonstrated an up regulation of NO production and inducible NO synthase mRNA by IL-8 and IL-10. ... 

Suppresses appetite increases thermogenesis reduces body weight, food consumption, and plasma glucose levels Activates MFIB costimulates the activation of lymphocytes induces apoptosis in some tumors... 

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