Individual-based models general problems

A further relationship exists between these error Qpes and Rasmussen s [3] classic model of skill, rule and knowledge-based behaviour. Slips and l >ses tend to occur at the skill-based level, whereas mistakes occur at the rule-based and knowledge-based levels. Rule-based mistakes are primarily due to mis lied expertise, where some pre-established plan or problem solution is lied inappropriately. Knowl ge-based mistakes generally occur due to a lack of e q)ertise, where no off-the-shelf solution exists and an individual is forced to work out a plan of action fiom first principles. 

Le Bel published his stereochemical ideas two months later, in November 1874, under the title, The relations that exist between the atomic formulas of organic compounds and the rotatory power of their solutions" (14). An English translation is presented in Le Bel (15). Le Bel approached the problem from a different direction from van t Hoff. His hypothesis was based on neither the tetrahedral model of the carbon atom nor the concept of fixed valences between the atoms. He proceeded purely from symmetry arguments he spoke of the asymmetry, not of individual atoms, but of the entire molecule, so that his views would nowadays be classed under the heading of molecular asymmetry. Only once does he mention the tetrahedral carbon atom, which he regarded as not a general principle but a special case. Today, substituted allenes, spiranes, and biphenyls are but a few examples of asymmetric molecules that do not contain any asymmetric carbons, thus confirming Le Bel s views on molecular asymmetry. The reason for the different approaches by van t Hoff and le Bel is easy to understand, van t Hoff came from the camp of structural chemists, and he... 

The intention of this contribution is to calculate with a general model the damage progression for different load histories, independent from specific load coUective-based experiments. One novel aspect is to conclude from failures of individuals of a considered set of systems used with individual load profiles to the underlying, problem/application-specific damage accumulation relation. This is done by a nonlinear mathematical model, calculating the caused damage due to the applied stress. 

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