Indium naming

Indium and thallium were also discovered by means of the spectroscope as their names indicate. Indium was first identified in 1863 by F. Reich and H. T. Richter and named from the brilliant indigo blue line in its fiame spectrum (Latin indicum). Thallium was discovered independently by W. Crookes and by... 

A proprietary tetrachromate bath has been used in Germany under the name of the D process. By the use of additions of magnesium oxide and sodium tungstate it is claimed that the current efficiency of the bath can be raised to as high as 35-40%. Other additives such as indium sulphate, sodium selenate or sodium hexavanadate enable bright deposits to be obtained. 

The picture was drawn in 1864. The first International Chemistry Congress had taken place in Karlsruhe in 1860. The atomic weights had been agreed upon. Indium was discovered in 1863 and already added to the ranks of the 64 known elements. The discoverers still had the right to name the compounds they uncovered. And how were the elements ordered The elements were listed ac-... 

Indium (In, [Kr]4 /I05.v25/ 1), name and symbol after the indigo line in its atomic spectrum. Discovered (1863) by Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymus Theodor Richter. Silvery lustrous grey, very soft metal. 

ORIGIN OF NAME Indium s name is derived from the Latin word indicum, meaning "indigo," which is the color of its spectral line when viewed by a spectroscope. 

The existence of this element was predicted by Mendeleev as a missing link between aluminum and indium during his periodic classification of elements. Mendeleev termed it ekaaluminum. The element was discovered in 1875 by French chemist Lecoq de Boisbaudran while he was carrying out spectroscopic examination of emission lines from Pyrenean zinc blende concentrates. Boisbaudran named this new element gallium, after Gallia, the Latin word for his native France. In the same year, Boisbaudran also separated gaUium by electrolysis. 

Indium was discovered by Reich and Richter in 1863 in Germany during spectroscopic observations of local zinc ores. The new element was named indium after its characteristic indigo blue spectral lines. Although widely distributed in nature, its concentration is very low, estimated to be about 0.1 mg/kg in the earth s crust. It is found mostly in zinc sulfide ores and to a lesser extent in sulfide ores of iron and copper. The metal does not occur in free elemental form in nature. 

Many elements are present in the earth s crust in such minute amounts that they could never have been discovered by ordinary methods of mineral analysis. In 1859, however, Kirchhoff and Bunsen invented the spectroscope, an optical instrument consisting of a collimator, or metal tube fitted at one end with a lens and closed at the other except for a slit, at the focus of the lens, to admit light from the incandescent substance to be examined, a turntable containing a prism mounted to receive and separate the parallel rays from the lens and a telescope to observe the spectrum produced by the prism. With this instrument they soon discovered two new metals, cesium and rubidium, which they classified with sodium and potassium, which had been previously discovered by Davy, and lithium, which was added to the list of elements by Arfwedson. The spectroscopic discovery of thallium by Sir William Crookes and its prompt confirmation by C.-A. Lamy soon followed. In 1863 F. Reich and H. T. Richter of the Freiberg School of Mines discovered a very rare element in zmc blende, and named it indium because of its brilliant line in the indigo region of the spectrum. 

In the fall of 1885 there was found, at the approach of a vein in the Himmelsfurst mine near Freiberg, a new ore which the discoverer, Albin Weisbach, a professor of mineralogy at the Freiberg School of Mines, named argyrodite (28). Hieronymus Theodor Richter, the chemist who with Ferdinand Reich had discovered indium, made a... 

F. C. Mathers and C. G. Schluderberg 124 prepared indium iodate, In(I03)3, by mixing soln. of indium trichloride and potassium iodate. The precipitate is amorphous. The mixture was evaporated to dryness on a water-bath the residue extracted on a Gooch s crucible with warm water and dried in vacuo over sulphuric acid. The mass was dissolved in boiling nitric acid (1 10), and on evaporation white crystals of indium iodate were formed. 100 grms. of water at 20° dissolve 0 067 grm., and 100 grms. of nitric acid (1 5) at 80° dissolve 0 67 grm. of the salt. It also dissolves in dil. sulphuric or hydrochloric acid. The soln. in the last-named add decomposes with the liberation of chlorine. The crystals decompose with the evolution of iodine when heated by a free flame and explode if touched with a red-hot iron wire. 

Frequency Doubling. As the name implies, in frequency doubling a substance doubles the frequency of the incident laser radiation. This effect is important in telecommunications and optical data storage. For example, in telecommunications the most efficient way to transmit data is by using infrared radiation, e g., 1200 nm radiation from an indium phosphide laser [60], Detection of infrared radiation is inefficient. In contrast, visible radiation is much easier to detect but is an inefficient transmitter of data. Consequently, an important application of nonlinear optical (NLO) materials is to convert infrared radiation into visible and thus enable easier detection of the signal. 

Indium is a soft, silver-white metal. It was first isolated in 1863 by German chemists Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymus Theodor Richter. Indium was so named because of an intense blue (indigo) line in its emission spectrum. The element is widely distributed in several ores (often in conjunction with zinc) but in low concentrations, accounting for only 0.05 part per million (ppm) of Earth s crust. 

Thallium and indium form +1 and +3 oxidation states when in compounds. Predict the formulas of the possible compounds between thallium and oxygen and between indium and chlorine. Name the compounds. 

Part of Mendeleev s genius was what he did next. He said that an element number 31 did exist. Scientists simply had not found it yet. Mendeleev then described what the element would be like. He based his prediction on elements on all sides of the box for element number 31. He said it would be similar to aluminum (in box 13, above 31) and indium (in box 49, below 31). He named this missing element eka-aluminum. 

Reich and Richter suggested the name indium for the element they discovered because its main spectral lines are a brilliant indigo blue. 

Within a period of four years after the work of Bunsen and Kirchhoff, four new elements were discovered cesium, rubidium, thallium, and indium. All four elements are named after the color of their spectral lines. The discoverer of thallium was British physicist Sir William Crookes (1832-1919). 

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