Indium exposure

In cellular smdies indium exposure has been associated with a general suppression of protein synthesis and the induction of heme oxygenase, which in turn is associated with the reduction of enzyme activities dependent on cytochrome P-450. The significance of these alterations in the synthesis and maintenance of various enzyme systems in relation to a possible carcinogenic response has not been determined. ... 

The photoelectrochemical properties of CdS nanoparticles formed in LB films of cadmium arachidate on ITO glass (indium tin oxide-coated glass) were investigated [188]. The CdS particles were formed by exposure to H2S gas, and then the cadmium arachidate structure was regenerated by exposing the gas-treated films with aqueous solutions of CdCL. Gassing/immersion cycling increased the particle size from 2.3 0.7 nm after one cycle to 9.8 2.4 nm after five cycles. The 9.8-nm particles showed UV-visible ab-... 

Fig. 4.9 Schematic illustration of the electrosynthesis procedure using a sulfur-modified gold electrode and alternating exposure to indium- and sulfide ion containing aqueous baths, (a) A polycrystalline gold surface is first modified with a sulfur layer, (b) Indium is plated onto this layer forming indium sulfide, (c) Indium continues to deposit atop the indium sulfide layer, (d) Transfer back to a sulfide ion containing bath results in the suMdization of the residual indium sites. (Reprinted from [95], Copyright 2009, with permission from Elsevier)...

In the particular case of InP, protection of the surface is necessary because direct exposure of an InP sample to a rf hydrogen plasma causes a strong surface decomposition with the formation of phosphine and metallic indium islands (Thomas et al., 1988). Hydrogen diffusion into InP Zn can be successfully performed through an undoped correctly lattice matched... 

Method of doping (exposure of LB film 763 to iodine vapor, immersion of LB films in aqueous KI3 solution, or anodic oxidation of LB films deposited on indium tin oxide glass) determined properties of the films. Lateral [Pg.165]

Table III is a compilation of the parameters in a typical Cd-109 production run. A sealed stainless steel tube containing 105.8 g of indium was positioned in the proton beam for 56 days. Since the beam was not on continuously for this 56-day period, the integrated exposure of the target was not available. A total of 1553 mCi of Cd-109 was produced with 1427 mCi recovered giving a 92% recovery. The only other radioisotope found was 117 mCi of Cd-115m which cannot be separated.

Indium is an irritant to the skin, eyes, and respiratory (breathing) system. If taken into the body, it can cause coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. Exposure to very high levels of indium may cause damage to the liver and kidneys. 

Photovoltaics also require significant research activity in the chemical sciences. Low-cost methods are required for producing solar-grade silicon for photovoltaic cells. Better solar cell materials are needed than the presently utilized amorphous silicon. These materials must be more efficient without the use of heavy metals such as cadmium, tellurium, indium, and lead, which present significant environmental issues. An understanding of the degradation process of photovoltaic cells is needed, as is an answer to why these materials lose their effectiveness after prolonged exposure to the sun. Finally, there is a need to develop catalysts for the efficient photochemical conversion of water. 

Aoki Y, Lipsky mm and Fowler BA (1990) Alteration in protein synthesis in primary cultures of rat kidney proximal tubule epithelial cells by exposure to gallium, indium, and arsenite. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 106 462-468. 

Acute indium poisonings are rare due to the low absorption of this metal from the gastrointestinal tract and moderate absorption from inhalation. However, in animal experiments indium toxicity is often related to the chemical form and route of exposure. Insoluble indium oxides were found to be more toxic to mice than ionic indium when expressed as lethality per quantity of... 

Chronic inhalation exposures to indium compounds can induce pulmonary toxicity and carcinogenesis in experimental animals. Indium (III) phosphide (IP) was chosen by the National Toxicology Program (NTP) for chronic toxicity studies due to its widespread use in the microelectronics industry and its potential for chronic exposure to workers (NTP 2001). Inhalation exposures of rats to IP at doses of 0, 1, 3,... 

Fowler BA, Yamauchi H, Conner FA and Akkerman M (1993) Cancer risks for humans from exposures to the semiconductor metals. Scand J Work Environ Health 19 101-103. Gottschling BC, Maronpot RR, Hailey JR, Peddada S, Monnmaw CR, Klaunig and Nyska A (2001) The role of oxidative stress in indium phosphide-induced lung carcinogenesis in rats. Toxicol Sci 64 28-40. 

Ungvaey G, Tateai E, Szakmaey E and Naeay M (2001) The effect of prenatal indium chloride exposure on chondrogenic ossification. J Toxicol Environ Health 62 387-396. 

After this unsuccessful attempt to measure fluxes in the concrete, the barytes blocks were removed and the space behind the steel was filled with a block of paraffin, 4 ft by 4 ft by 20 in. thick (Fig. A4.X), containing horizontal and vertical slots for the exposure of large indium foils (25 sq cm). The paraffin cube was surrounded by sheets of boron-tygon plastic and had additional paraffin (left after the concrete experiment) on the north face and underneath. 

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