Indirect costs risk assessment

Direct costs of risk are relatively easy to assess the replacement value of equiimient. rqiair costs to vmnises. The indirect costs risk, e.g. business interruption, loss of client confidmice, litigation, are often overlooked, despite die fact diat they are nearly always of a significant size and sometimes are even larger than the direct costs. 

Here is a typical set of indirect costs whidi often remain bidden in risk identificadon or underestimated in risk assessment-... 

Another line of evidence involves the use of standardised experiments on animals [3]. If a chemical produces tumours in multiple tissues and/or multiple species after a relatively short time - of the order of 100 days - and the tumour leads to the death of the animals, then this chemical is considered a strong carcinogen [4,5]. Animal studies define precisely the route, frequency, duration and level of exposure. But how relevant are the test animals to humans This type of assessment is still very costly, time consuming, potentially hazardous to the experimentalists, and has also been criticised for sacrificing a large number of animals for results which are only indirectly related to risks for humans. 

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