INDEX energy flows

Aquatic microcosms and mesocosms offer the ideal situation to investigate populations of species interacting in their natural environment (i.e., to study communities stressed in structured systems see Section 4.5.1). It is, however, only recently that these experiments have been analyzed at the community level (Van Wijngaarden et al. 1995 Sparks et al. 1999 van den Brink and Ter Braak 1999). Until 10 years ago, experiments were evaluated at the population level, largely ignoring species interactions and energy flows in the systems. The development of community-level endpoints offered the possibility to evaluate the experiments on a community level (i.e., they offered the opportunity to scale up the level of evaluation Kedwards et al. 1999). Summary community-level endpoints calculated from the results of these experiments are mostly structural ones measures of diversity (e.g. numbers of species, and the Shannon-Weaver diversity index) and similarity of the treated systems compared to the untreated controls (e.g., the principal response curves method, Bray-Curtis dissimilarity, or Stander s index see van den Brink and Ter Braak 1998 for a comparison). 

Thus, (2.5) provides a ranking of all k elements relative to the total energy flowing through all the elements in the system. It is proposed that an element with a low activity index has a small contribution to the system dynamic response, thus it is unnecessary under the given scenario and, therefore, can be eliminated from the model to generate a reduced model. This elimination procedure is described in Section 2.3. 

Table 1.4.6. Life Cycle Energy Flow Index of Merit...

Recycling Content of Waste Energy Flow Index... 

The energy absorbed can also be written in terms of the product of the energy flow per unit area and an absorption cross-section. From equations (2.44) and (9.3) the energy flux per unit angular frequency range in a medium where the refractive index may be assumed to be unity is given by... 

Predesign (Conceptual design) flow sheet preliminary pid feasibility study preliminary operation instructions material balance energy balance process concept operating conditions sketch of layout isi, pns (coarse Dow F E Index, Mond Index, Hazop)... 

Fig. 9. Dependence of kinetic-energy correction factor upon flow-behavior index.

Basic Equations We make following assumptions that 1) the mass loss occurs steadily and 2) the flow is polytropic with index n within the secondary. In these assumptions, the energy conservation is given by... 

In the above mentioned field equations the number of unknown quantities does not correspond to the number of equations, thus we have to conclude the problem with the constitutive equations for the partial stress tensors T , the interaction forces p", the partial internal energies ea and the partial heat flows q . From the evaluation of the entropy inequality of the saturated porous body, see de Boer [4], we obtain for the solid phase and the mobile phases with Index j3 = L, G the constitutive relations for T and p ... 

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