Incubation, state

This involves incubation of the food in synthetic fibre bags suspended in the rumen, as described in Chapter 10. The degradability is calculated as the difference between the nitrogen initially present in the bag and that present after incubation, stated as a proportion of the initial nitrogen ... 

The triplet-state energy level of oxytetracycline, the excitation maximum (412 nm), lifetimes of Eu-OxTc (58 p.s) and Eu-OxTc-Cit (158 p.s), were determined. A 25-fold luminescence enhancement at 615 nm occurs upon addition of citrate within a short 5-min incubation time at neutral pH. It s accompanied by a threefold increase of the luminescence decay time. The optimal conditions for determination of OxTc are equal concentrations of Eu(III) and citrate (C = T lO mol-E ), pH 7.2. Eor determination of citrate, the optimal conditions concentrations of Eu(HI) and OxTc are 1 0,5 (Cg = MO Huol-E-i, = 5-10-HuohE-i) at pH 7.2. 

Briefly stated, the production of chloramphenicol by the surface culture method involves inoculating a shallow layer, usually less than about 2 cm, of a sterile, aqueous nutrient medium with Streptomyces ver)ezuelae and incubating the mixture under aerobic conditions at a temperature between about 20° and 40°C, preferably at room temperature (about 25°C), for a period of about 10 to 15 days. The mycelium is then removed from the liquid and the culture liquid is then treated by methods described for Isolating therefrom tne desired chloramphenicol. 

To answer the question whether the ds-transisomerization of the bridged polypeptides with a Ala-Gly-Pro sequence represents the rate-determining step, the following experiment was carried out The polypeptide with a chain length n = 8 was denaturated in a rapid reaction with a temperature jump from 9.2 to 30 °C and subjected to renatura-tion at 9.2 °C after an incubation time of 25 s. In a second and a third experiment, the incubation in the coiled state was prolonged respectively to 75 and 125 s. It could be observed that the amplitude of the rapid phase depends on the time that lapses between the denaturation and renaturation (Fig. 32). 

When isolated mitochondria are incubated with substrate, Pj, and oxygen, in the absence of ADP (state 4, Chance and Williams, 1956), the proton gradient is not dissipated and electron transport is slow since the redox potential is balanced by the PMF. Addition of ADP (State 3, Chance and Williams, 1956) stimulates... 

It has been shown by FM that the phase state of the lipid exerted a marked influence on S-layer protein crystallization [138]. When the l,2-dimyristoyl-OT-glycero-3-phospho-ethanolamine (DMPE) surface monolayer was in the phase-separated state between hquid-expanded and ordered, liquid-condensed phase, the S-layer protein of B. coagulans E38/vl was preferentially adsorbed at the boundary line between the two coexisting phases. The adsorption was dominated by hydrophobic and van der Waals interactions. The two-dimensional crystallization proceeded predominately underneath the liquid-condensed phase. Crystal growth was much slower under the liquid-expanded monolayer, and the entire interface was overgrown only after prolonged protein incubation. 

A quantitative interpretation of aldonolactone inhibition in terms of an adaptation of the active site to a transition state approaching a planar, glycosyl oxocarbonium ion is made difficult for several reasons. Due to the interconversion between the 1,4- and 1,5-lactones, and their hydrolysis to the aldonic acids, their use is limited to kinetic studies with incubation times of 10 min or less. This was not realized by most investigators prior to 1970. In many cases, only the 1,4-lactone can be isolated its (partial) conversion into... 

In contrast to previous in vivo models, this in vitro model provides the possibility of dissociating experimentally two important processes of intestinal absorption cellular uptake and secretion. Under conditions mimicking the postprandial state (taurocholate/oleic acid supplementation), differentiated Caco-2 cells were able to (1) take up carotenoids at the apical sides and incorporate them into CMs and (2) secrete them at the basolateral sides associated with CM fractions. Using this approach, the extent of absorption of P-carotene through Caco-2 cell monolayers after 16 hr of incubation was 11.2%, a value falling within the in vivo range (9 to 22%). ° - Of the total amount of P-carotene secreted, 78% was associated with the two CM fractions and 10% with the VLDL fraction. ... 

Layadi et al. have shown, using in. situ spectroscopic ellipsometry, that both surface and subsurface processes are involved in the formation of /xc-Si [502, 503]. In addition, it was shown that the crystallites nucleate in the highly porous layer below the film surface [502, 504], as a result of energy released by chemical reactions [505, 506] (chemical annealing). In this process four phases can be distinguished incubation, nucleation, growth, and steady state [507]. In the incubation phase, the void fraction increases gradually while the amorphous fraction decreases. Crystallites start to appear when the void fraction reaches a maximum... 

Under linear concentration conditions (for a P-C concentration range of 0.12-6pM) at 16h incubation and under cell culture conditions mimicking the in vivo postprandial state, the extent of absorption of all-trans P-C through Caco-2 cell monolayers was 11% a value similar to that reported from different human studies. In humans, the bioavailability of a single dose of P-C... 

Manganese transformations can be seen from changes in the equilibrium parameters of the various fractions (Utf,) and the whole soil (Ute) with time of incubation under saturation (Fig. 6.25). In both soils incubated under the saturation condition, the Utf parameters of the EXC and the CARB fractions increased and departed from the native state (Utf.Exc and... 

Utf-cARB > 1) In parallel, Mn in the ERO and the OM fractions decreased, and their Utf also departed from the native state (Utf.ERo and Utf-oM < 1). The Utf of the RO fraction was also slightly reduced. This reduction especially occurs during the first stage of the incubation, whereas the RES phase was relatively stable (Utf.REs= ) ... 

The soil equilibrium parameter, Uts, measures the departure from the Mn fractionation in the oxic native soil, which is caused by the saturation and incubation of the soil. This parameter can acquire values equal to or larger than one. Compared to the native state, an increase in the Uts indicates that some fraction(s) have been grossly enriched in Mn. Note the fact that a fraction that has lost some Mn will only reduce its own contribution to the Uts value, but its contribution will not be subtracted from that of the other fraction(s) since the product F, xUtfi can not acquire negative values. 

The selected biocatalyst is any of the already described alternatives based on R. rhodochrous bacteria ATCC No. 53968. Its concentration or proportion to the fossil fuel feedstock was neither reported nor claimed only a slight comment is made on the proportion between the crude oil and the biocatalytic aqueous solution, which states that it will not exceed one half the total incubation volumes. In addition, an additional amount of water, enough for desalting, is simultaneously added with the biocatalytic solution. The process is carried out by feeding the crude oil and water into a CSTR reaction vessel and stirred until an emulsion is formed. The mixture is incubated under stirring at temperature and pressure conditions, for a period of time adequate for both to occur, desalting and desulfurization. 

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