Increasing returns situation

Based on the analysis of simulation results, it can be seen that the peak value of stress concentration induced while these two lanes were tunneled appeared in the coal column between them. The stress concentration eased and the maximum peak stress decreased while the distance between two lanes increase. Compare the vertical stress distribution of low-side of air-return lane in different roadway spacing, we can see that the range of stress concentration area reduced, while the pillar width increased. While the pillar width increased from 6 m to 8 m, the value of vertical stress and stress gradient increase in the low-side wall of gas drainage lane and air-return lane, the possibility of dynamic disasters increase. This situation also appears at the up-side of air-return lane. Therefore, a 6 m interval is a more appropriate spacing than 8 m. 

Table II contains a rough comparison of execution times for the generation of one data point 6x10 random conformations of chains of 100 mass-points were placed each at 100 equally spaced radial positions of a pore with Aq=0.8. It is obvious that the increase in performance, i.e., a reduction in execution time to 20%, is an excellent return on the investment required to change five lines of a FORTRAN program. We fear, however, that this is a relatively rare situation.

A reaction at steady state is not in equilibrium. Nor is it a closed system, as it is continuously fed by fresh reactants, which keep the entropy lower than it would be at equilibrium. In this case the deviation from equilibrium is described by the rate of entropy increase, dS/dt, also referred to as entropy production. It can be shown that a reaction at steady state possesses a minimum rate of entropy production, and, when perturbed, it will return to this state, which is dictated by the rate at which reactants are fed to the system [R.A. van Santen and J.W. Niemantsverdriet, Chemical Kinetics and Catalysis (1995), Plenum, New York]. Hence, steady states settle for the smallest deviation from equilibrium possible under the given conditions. Steady state reactions in industry satisfy these conditions and are operated in a regime where linear non-equilibrium thermodynamics holds. Nonlinear non-equilibrium thermodynamics, however, represents a regime where explosions and uncontrolled oscillations may arise. Obviously, industry wants to avoid such situations ... 

If the deformation involves only an increase in the separation of atoms in the direction of loading by relatively small amounts, the atoms can return to their normal equilibrium positions when the applied force is withdrawn (i.e., the load is released). In such a situation, the axially loaded bar regains its original size and shape and the deformation is termed elastic deformation. Elastic deformation is reversible. 

For excitation of solutes with 0-0 transitions v0o>v (antiStokes spectral region of absorption), the situation is the opposite at the initial instant of time, the spectra are red-shifted as compared to the steady state spectra, Av1 (l)<0. In this case, the return of the spectrum to its normal position during configurational relaxation will lead to a blue shift with time. From the physical point of view, this means that the intermolecular energy excess, which the solvates possess before excitation, is partially converted into emitted energy leading to an increase in the radiation frequency with time. That is why the process may be called the up-relaxation of the fluorescence spectra. 

In general, for the centrally located facility, direct investment is high and the decision time for the investment usually drastically increases with the size of operation. Big investment, a relatively low return, the unstable value and uncertain situation of feed materials (raw material or waste), and, finally, fluctuating prices of end products characterize a metal waste recovery process. These facts indicate the necessity of financial support from government to secure the realization of such a project. 

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