Incorporation process mechanisms

ATP -I- (phosphate)n = ADP -h (phosphate)rn-i (<12> mechanism [10] <12> short chain polyphosphates are incorporated at the ends of the long chain product [9] <12> both polyphosphate synthesis and polyphosphate utilization follow a processive mechanism [10])... 

The mineralogy of ferricrete alteration profiles can be complex and varied because of the incorporation of mechanically derived materials and the retained importance of host rock composition after the formation of secondary minerals. In general, ferricrete profiles do not display the progression of alteration minerals observed in laterites. Where ferricretes are formed by mechanical accumulation, they can lie disconformably above unaltered bedrock (Bowden, 1987, 1997). In these instances, the ferricrete mineral assemblage will be inherited, in part, from the derived materials, and in part from later cementation processes that involve remobilised iron and alumina deposited as neo-formed oxyhydroxides. In such examples, determining the sequence of mineralogical transformations becomes exceptionally difficult. 

Basically, three mechanisms are responsible for mass transport inside an electrochemical cell diffusion, migration, and convection. Diffusion is mass transport because of concentration gradients, i.e., variations in the concentration of a species with position. Diffusion occurs mainly near the electrode surface because of gradients created by the consumption of species that undergo redox reactions and are incorporated into the deposit. This incorporation process depletes the deposition species near the electrode, generating the concentration gradient. 

The biosynthesis of fungal aliphatic polyketides by a processive mechanism is further demonstrated by the successful incorporation of chain elongation intermediates as their NAC thioesters in several experiments [119, 120]. These... 

All solid surfaces exhibit structural features that can have significant effects on the kinetics of charge transfer reactions and on the stability of the interfacial region. In the case of metals, the most significant structural features for "smooth" surfaces are emergent dislocations, kink sites, steps, and ledges. It has long been known, for example, that the kinetics of some electrodissolution and electrodeposition reactions depend on the density of such sites at the surface, but the exact mechanisms by which the effects occur have not been established. The role of "adion" in these processes is also unclear, as is the sequence of the dehydration-electronation-adsorption-diffusion-incorporation processes, even for the simplest of metals. 

Although the quantum yield of fluorescence is readily determined by reference to quinine fluorescence as described by Calvert and Pitts (1966), those of the other processes can only be obtained by difference. Phosphorescence is usually too weak to be observed in solution at room temperature, but can be measured if the drug is held in a glassy matrix at low temperature. The usual procedure is to dissolve the drug in ethanol and immerse in liquid nitrogen. The phosphorescence accessory of the fluorimeter incorporates a mechanical chopper enabling the phosphorescence to be observed free of interference from any fluorescence. Because of the difference in temperature and matrix, it is not possible to compare the phosphorescence yield with that of fluorescence. Nevertheless, phosphorescence is worth measuring because it is an important indicator of the capacity of a molecule to populate its triplet state. 

In considering the environmental fate of ammonia, it is necessary to emphasize that ammonia is very important in nature and in nature s biological cycles. In our limited understanding of these cycles, ammonia is considered a key intermediate. Nature has incorporated many mechanisms and rules for altering the distribution of ammonia through the biological system, as circumstances dictate. An in-depth discussion of these phenomena is outside the scope of this document however, it is important to understand that for ammonia, all organisms contribute, either directly or indirectly, to the direction and distribution of the various environmental fate processes. 

Fig. 2. Proposed process of arteriosclerosis leading to ischemic disease. It is proposed that arteriosclerosis is a process of inflammation within the arterial wall that is initiated by arterial injury (endothelial dysfunction), causing the trapping of lipoproteins (Rll, Zl). These undergo oxidation as proposed in Fig. 1, leading to foam cells saturated with lipid droplets. Continued accumulation of fatty material within the blood vessel wall promotes a fatty streak. Ultimately, there is muscle cell migration and fibrosis leading to a plaque that consists of a fibrous cap with cholesterol crystals and debris within the deep necrotic layer, while inflammatory cells form a dynamic outer edge. It is thought that oxidized lipoproteins can facilitate many of these processes. Mechanical forces predispose the soft outer layer of the plaque to rupture at sites of structural weakness. Rupture of plaques causes thrombosis and incorporation of thrombi into the plaque. Ultimately, a large thrombus appearing in an obstructed vessel can lead to sudden ischemia and unstable coronary syndromes.

The role of intercellular space and capillary flow in osmotic dehydration was well documented by Hto et al. [51-53]. On this basis the nondiffusional mass transfer model was developed incorporating hydrodynamic mechanism (HDM). Studies done by the same group [19,54] showed that long time of osmotic process is needed to obtain a fully developed water and sugar concentration profiles. A model based on the advancing disturbance front (ADF) was proposed that allows prediction of sample concentration during osmotic dehydration. 

These reamers have also more than one flute and have an incorporated expansion mechanism. This mechanism was developed to compensate the tool wear during the cutting process. The diameter of the tool can be expanded by an internal cone to readjust the requested tool diameter. The expansion mechanism works in the area of elastic deformation of the tool body material. The expanding mechanism is always of high precision. An adjustment of the tool diameter within 2 pm is possible. The targeted hole tolerance is IT6 and better. 

Automatic unscrewing mold n. A mold for making threaded products - bottle caps are typical - that incorporates a mechanism for unscrewing the product from the mold core (or vice versa) as the mold opens, thereby releasing the product. Strong AB (2000) Plastics materials and processing. Prentice-Hall, Columbus, OH. 

Simulations are a reasonable way of extrapolating performance and scaling up processes. By incorporating fundamental mechanisms into process simulations, system performance can be predicted in new and different operating regions. 

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