Incompatible Chemicals minerals

The thermodynamic incompatibility of many of the solid phases present with each other as well as their local environment, results in formation of secondary minerals. Although the secondary materials may comprise only a small volume fraction of the waste, they (1) tend to increase in amount with time, as weathering processes proceed, (2) typically form at grain surfaces and are thus physically liable to react with percolating gas or liquids, and (3) may exhibit sites suitable for sorption or crystallo-chemical incorporation of trace elements (see Donahoe, 2004). Frequently observed secondary minerals include jarosite and ettringite the former is known to sorb ions such as Mn and As, whereas ettringite can form solid solutions, in which SO4 is replaced by Cr04 (Kumarathasan et al. 1990). 

For example, crotonaldehyde is listed in Table 1 as belonging in Group 19 (Aldehydes). The Chart shows that chemicals in this group should be segregated from sulfuric and nitric acids, caustics, ammonia, and all types of amines (aliphatic, alkanol, and aromatic). According to note A, crotonaldehyde is also incompatible with non-oxidizing mineral acids. 

Cadmium. Cadmium appears to be compatible or very mildly incompatible, similar to zinc. Almost nothing is known about which minerals it prefers. From a crystal-chemical view, cadmium has similar ionic radius and charge to calcium, but a tendency to prefer lower coordination due to its more covalent bonding with oxygen (similar to zinc and indium). Cadmium in spinel Uierzolites varies from 30 ppb to 60 ppb (BVSP) and varies in basalts from about 90 ppb to 150 ppb (Hertogen et al., 1980 Yi et al., 2000). Cd/Zn is —10 in peridotites (BVSP) and the continental cmst (Gao etal., 1998), and —1.5 X 10 in basalts (Yi etai, 2000). We adopt the mean of these ratios (1.2 X 10" ). 

There are few measurements of the Fe (Fe203) abundance in mantle xenoliths (O Neill et al, 1993 Canil et al., 1994 Canil and O Neill, 1996). Wet chemical determinations for FeaOs in peridotites are fraught with errors, but better and more precise results are obtainable with Moss-bauer spectroscopy of individual minerals (O Neill et al., 1993). Fe " " behaves as a mildly incompatible element during melting with a bulk D of —0.1, similar to that of scandium or V (Figure 12(e)). 

The model also assumes an incompatible trace element-rich lower mantle and a depleted upper mantle. Bercovici and Kurato (2003) propose that when deep mantle material rises the mineral wadsleyite transforms to olivine (Fig. 3.1), releasing water. The liberated water triggers melting in the transition zone to produce a melt which is rich in water and incompatible trace elements. This melt layer, which is recycled in either a solid or molten state in the transition zone, acts as a chemical filter to... 

The crust is formed by melting and recrystallization of minerals in the mantle. Compatible lithophilic elements (Mg, Fe, Cr) are commoner in the mantle, incompatible ones (e.g. Na, K, Al) in the crust. Chemical reactions in molten rocks and in water at high temperature lead to the concentration of many elements in particular minerals. 

The chemical processes leading to different minerals are diverse. Highly incompatible lithophilic elements (e.g. Li, Be, Zr and lanthanides) are concentrated in the final stages of solidification of molten rocks, known as pegmatites. Many sulfide minerals (e.g. of Cu, Zn, Mo and Pb) are formed by hydrothermal processes, in which water circulates deep in the crust and at high temperatures and pressures, and forms soluble complexes of these elements with anions such as CF and HS-, which may subsequently precipitate solids when they cool. 

ANILINE, 2,6-DIETHYL (579-66-8) C10H15N Combustible liquid (flash point 254°F/123°C cc Fire Rating 1). Vigorous reaction with strong oxidizers. A weak base incompatible with strong acids, mineral acids, organic anhydrides, isocyanates, aldehydes. On small fires, use dry chemical powder (such as Purple-K-Powder), alcohol-resistant foam, or CO2 extinguishers. ANILINE HYDROCHLORIDE (142-04-... 

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