In vitro, biosynthesis of

S. Shojima, N. Nishizawa, S. Fushiya, S. Nozoe, T. Irifune, and S. Mori, Biosynthesis of phytosiderophores in vitro biosynthesis of 2 -deoxymugineic acid from L-methionine and nicotianamine. Plant Phy.siol. 93 1491 (1990). 

Flurkey WH. In vitro biosynthesis of Vicia faba polyphenoloxidse. Plant Physiol 1985 79 564-567. 

Kambampati R, Lauhon CT. 2000. Evidence for the transfer of sulfane snlfnr from IscS to Thil during the in vitro biosynthesis of 4-thiouridine in Escherichia coli tRNA. J Biol Chem 275 10727-30. 

Funk C, Brodelius P (1992) Phenylpropanoid metabolism in suspension cultures of Vanilla planifolia Andr. IV Induction of vanillinic acid formation. Plant Physiol 99 256-262 Funk C, Brodelius P (1994) Vanilla planifolia Andrews in vitro biosynthesis of vanillin and other phenylpropanoids derivatives. In Bajaj YPS (ed) Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry. Medicinal and aromatic plants VI, vol 26. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 377-402... 

Liu, S.J. Steinbuchel, A. Exploitation of butyrate kinase and phosphotransbutyrylase from Clostridium acetobutylicum for the in vitro biosynthesis of poly(hydroxyalkanoic acid). Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 53, 545-552 (2000)... 

Fig. 6 Four enzymes (one salicylate-AMP ligase YbtE/PchD, two NRPS and/or NRPS/PKS enzymes HMWPl/PchE and HMWP2/PchF, and one reductase YbtU/PchG) are required for the in vitro biosynthesis of (a) yersiniabactin (24) and (b) pyochelin (25). (c) The initial stages of 24 and 25 biosynthesis proceed via a similar mechanism from chorismic acid 26 to the salicylate-bisthiazole intermediate 33...

Fig. 18 (a) Total in vitro biosynthesis of 65 requires three enzymes, MxcE, MxcF, and MxcG. (b) Biosynthesis of 65 and 103 from two ArCP-bound DHB units (79) and one PCP-bound lysine (80b)... 

A Lawen, R Traber, D. Geyl. In vitro biosynthesis of [Thr2, Leu5, D-Hiv8, Leu10]-cyclosporin, a cyclosporin-related peptolide, with immunosuppressive activities by a multienzyme polypeptide. J Biol Chem 266 15567-15570, 1991. 

Hosel, W., Berlin, J., Hanzlik, T.N. and Conn, E.E. (1985) In vitro biosynthesis of l-(4 -hydroxyphenyl)-2-nitroethane and production of cyanogenic compounds in osmotically stressed cell suspension cultures of Eschscholtzia californica. Planta, 166, 176-81. 

Hosel, W. and Nahrstedt, A. (1980) In vitro biosynthesis of the cyanogenic glucoside, taxiphyllin, in Triglochin maritima. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 203, 753-7. 

McFarlane, I.J., Less, E.M. and Corm, E.E. (1975) The in vitro biosynthesis of dhurrin, the cyanogenic glucoside of Sorghum bicolor.. Biol. Chem., 250, 4708-13. 

McClerren AL, Cooper LE, Quan C, Thomas PM, Kelleher NL, van der Donk WA. Discovery and in vitro biosynthesis of halo-duracin, a new two-component lantibiotic. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2006 103 17243-17248. 

Delongcamp, D., Lubet, P. and Drosdowsky, M. (1974) The in vitro biosynthesis of steroids by the gonad of the mussel (Mytilus edulis). Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., 22, 116-127. 

Kobayashi, S., Uyama, H., and Namekawa, S. (1998) In vitro biosynthesis of polyesters with isolated enzymes in aqueous systems and organic solvents. Polym. Degrad. Stab., 59 (1-3), 195-201. 

Jossek, R., Reichelt, R., and Steinbiichel, A. (1998) In vitro biosynthesis of poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid) by using purified poly(hydroxyalkanoic acid) synthase of Chromatium vinosum. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 49, 258-266. 

The biosynthesis of HS has been the fundamental subject of the HS study field. A detailed view of HS biosynthesis would aid in elucidation of the structure-function relationship of HS in different biological contexts. In addition, a complete grasp of the biosynthesis mechanism would promote the development of the in vitro biosynthesis of HS or HS-like macromolecules for therapeutic purposes. In the past decade, as a result of the sustained effort to understand the biosynthetic pathway of HS, all enzymes involved in HS biosynthesis have been cloned and purified, which greatly advanced our knowledge of this essential biological process. It should be noted that the availability of HS biosynthetic enzymes also provided the opportunity for conducting enzyme-based synthesis of HS polysaccharides... 

Sempos CT, Looker AG, Gillum RF and Makug DM (1994) Body iron stores and the risk of coronary heart disease. N Fngl J Med 330 1119-1124. Shojima S, Nishizawa NK, Fushiya S, Nozoe S, Ieieune T and Mori S (1990) Biosynthesis of phytosiderophores in vitro biosynthesis of 2-deoxy-mugineic acid from L-methionine and nicotinamine. Plant Physiol 93 1497-1503. 

Babczinski, P. (1980) Evidence against the Participation of Lipid Intermediates in in vitro Biosynthesis of Serine (Threonine)-iV-acetyl-D-galactosamine Linkages in Submaxillary Mucin FEBS Letters, 117, 207-11... 

Figure 5.46 Proposed mechanism for C—S bond formation mediated by a mnltifnnctional cytochrome P450 oxygenase, setting the stage for heterocychzation and the minimal set of enzymes required for in vitro biosynthesis of camalexin.

The chemistry and biochemistry of rubber have been investigated extensively, but there are still many unresolved questions. Research on the in vitro biosynthesis of rubber by Hevea latex was especially active in the 1960s [reviewed by Mullins (1%5), Lynen (1%7,1%9), and Archer and Audley (1967, 1973)]. Hepper and Audley (1969) found that up to 50% of the physiological isomer of [3- C]HMG-CoA and 97% of administered IPP were incorporated into rubber by isolated latex. Labeled acetate and MVA were also shown to serve as rubber precursors (Archer and Audley, 1973). Most of the tracer studies have involved the extension of rubber molecules via IPP, taking place on the surface of rubber particles (Archer and Audley, 1973). However, there is evidence that DMAPP stimulates rubber biosynthesis in the presence of washed rubber particles (Lynen, 1%9 Archer and Audley, 1973). This is consistent with the anticipated role of DMAPP as a chain initiator, but the questions of chain initiation and chain termination, and the nature of the rubber particles as organelles, do not appear to have been resolved. It is assumed (Archer and Audley, 1973) that the starter end of the rubber molecule bears an isopropylidene group, and the other end a pyrophosphate group. 

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