In renal disease

Dettli L (1976) Drag dosage in renal disease. Clin Pharmacokinet 1(2) 126—1115. 

MDRD, per the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease study. 

The National Kidney Foundation (NKF) developed a classification system for CKD (Table 23-11.1 The staging system defines the stages of CKD based on GFR level, but also accounts for evidence of kidney damage in the absence of changes in GFR, as in stage 1 CKD. The GFR is calculated using the abbreviated Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) study equation ... 

MDRD Formula for Estimating Glomerular Filtration Rate (from the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study)3... 

Levey AS, Bosch JP, Lewis JB, et al. A more accurate method to estimate glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine A new prediction equation. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group. Ann Intern Med 1999 130 461 470. 

As angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors influence protein excretion in renal disease, Gansevoort et al. (G2) and Keilani et al. (K10) investigated serum Lp(a) concentrations in patients treated with Lisinopril resp. fosinopril and detected a reduction. 

Decreased in uremia and nephrosis. Decreased in CHF. Somewhat delayed after IM administration. Prolonged in renal disease. ... 

Dietary protein has long been thought to play a role in the progression of chronic renal disease, but clinical trials have not consistently shown that dietary protein restriction is beneticial. A meta-analysis including the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) Study, of 1413 patients from 1966 to 1994 showed that dietary protein restriction slows the progression of both diabetic and non-diabetic renal disease (see Klahr et al., 1994). It is advisable to restrict protein intake moderately to 1 g/kg daily. 

Klahr S, Levey AS, Beck GJ, Caggiula AW, Hunsicker L, Kusek HW et al. The effects of dietary protein restriction and blood-pressure control on the progression of chronic renal disease. Modification of diet in Renal Disease Study Group. N Engl J Med 1994 330 877-84. 

Kopple ID, Greene T, Chumlea WC, Hollinger O, Ma-roni BJ, Merrill D et al. Modification of diet in Renal disease Study Group. Relationship between nutritional status and GFR results from the MDRD study. Kidney Int 2000 57 1688-703. 

To control ventricular arrhythmias, a total procainamide dosage of 2-5 g/d is usually required. In an occasional patient who accumulates high levels of NAPA, less frequent dosing may be possible. This is also possible in renal disease, where procainamide elimination is slowed. 

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