Implementation barriers

Immunoassays offer much potential for rapid screening and quantitative analysis of pesticides in food and environmental samples. However, despite this potential, the field is still dominated by conventional analytical approaches based upon chromatographic and spectrometric methods. We examine some technical barriers to more widespread adoption and utilization of immunoassays, including method development time, amount of information delivered and inexplicable sources of error. Examples are provided for paraquat in relation to exposure assessment in farmworkers and food residue analyses molinate in relation to low-level detection in surface waters and bentazon in relation to specificity and sensitivity requirements built in to the immunizing antigen. A comparison of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) results with those obtained from conventional methods will illustrate technical implementation barriers and suggest ways to overcome them. 

Azadian E, Radzi MAM (2013) A general approach toward bnilding integrated photovoltaic systems and its implementation barriers a review. Renew Sust Energ Rev 22 527-538. doi 10.1016/j.rser.2013.01.056... 

We have in Section 7.4 identified different types of safety barriers that need to be considered during the design of new industrial systems and equipment. Such barriers have to be integrated with the total design. There are also many opportunities for implementing barriers during operation. Below are some examples ... 

In January 2003, The National Pollution Prevention Roundtable published An Ounce of Pollution Prevention Is Worth Over 167 Billion Pounds of Cure A Decade of Pollution Prevention Results 1990-2000. The 167 billion pounds of pollution prevented included data from air, water, waste, and electricity. More than 4 billion gallons of water were also conserved. The main implementation barriers to the pollntion prevention (P2) program were lack of capital, high rate of staff changes, and lack of management commitment. 

The most common implementation barrier mentioned by the respondents was lack of capital to adequately resource all of their needed CIM projects. Other problems were lack of technical talent, coordination between departments, and resistance to change. 

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