Implantable biomimetic devices

In the field of medicine, biomimetic solutions and products span the range from externally worn biomimetic devices that augment the function of sensory organs such as hearing aids and artificial corneas to implantable biomimetic devices. Implantable devices function as (i) simple physical replacements including silicone implants used in cosmetology, dentures and dental implants, and artificial... 

Biomimetic/cell/ tissue-based sensors, instrumented cells (nanocanary), e.g., B-cell sensors implantable sensor devices with presymp-tomatic sensitivity to biomarkers... 

Biomimetic systems and devices as nonspecific indicators of threat and response might take the form of a nanocanary, in which a few living cells are harnessed to monitor biological responses to a variety of biologically active test agents. Such biomarker systems would enable a wide spectrum of applications that are adaptable to a broad range of unknown threats, including implantable sensor devices with presymptomatic sensitivity to biomarkers. Therefore, one key to the development of biomimetic systems is to develop analytical tools that can probe in vivo and in vitro cellular processes at the molecular scale with minimal disruption of normal cell function. 

Dziubla TD, Lowman, AM, Toqman MC, and Joseph JI. Implantable drug delivery devices. In Dillow AK and Lowman AM, eds. Biomimetic Materials and Design. New York, Basel Marcel Dekker, 2002, pp. 507-531. 

Bulk characterization yields information on the macroscopic properties of the biomaterial such as thermal, mechanical, solubility, optical, and dielectric properties. Surface characterization yields morphological information that is critical for interfacing the implant or drug delivery device with the host tissue. This could be achieved by microscopic and spectfoscopic methods. Next in the hierarchy is the characterization of processes such as biodegradation mechanism and kinetics under biomimetic in vitro conditions. Cases of implanted device failure need to be assessed by systematic interrogation of explanted medical devices. After knowing the basic characteristics of the biomaterial, real-time investigation of in vivo processes plays a major role in the successful journey of an implant. 

Biomaterials are synthetic or natural materials that are in contact with biological tissues or fluids and may enhance or replace tissues, bones, organs, or body functions (4). They include metals, alloys, glasses, ceramics, natural or syndetic polymers, biomimetics, and composites. Typical biomaterials may be used in artificial skin, tissues, and bones, dental fillings, wire plates and pins for bone repair, artificial hips and joints, implantable drug delivery systems, and other dental, surgical, and medical devices. New and improved biomaterials continue to be sought... 

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