Imaging systems, modern

The largest change in this edition is the addition of three chapters describing modem detector assemblies and their operation in some detail. Chapter 6 deals with single detector assemblies and small arrays - used, for example, in motion detectors, intm-sion alarms, and fire sensors. Chapter 7 describes ROICs and focal plane assemblies (FPAs) - the core of modern imaging systems. Chapter 8 describes the electronics needed to operate and test ROICs and FPAs. 

The QAP system additionally was developped for inspection documentation purposes to meet the modern requirements in process documentation (ISO 9000). It is the basic system required to install a fully automated inspection by a camera system and image processing. 

Modern XPS spectrometers employ a lens system on the input to the CHA, which has the effect of transferring an image of the analyzed area on the sample surface to the entrance slit of the analyzer. The detector system on the output of the CHA consists of several single channeltrons or a channel plate. Such a spectrometer is illustrated schematically in Fig. 2.6. 

Measuring FRET by fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FRET-FLIM) offers the ability to see beyond the resolution of the optical system ( 10-100 times that of modern far field microscopes [5]). FRET efficiency can be used as a proxy for molecular distance, thereby allowing the easy detection and somewhat more challenging quantification of molecular interactions. Although many types of assay exist, FRET-FLIM is a highly suitable technique that is capable of in situ measurements of molecular interactions and conformation in living and fixed cells. 

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