Electron Spin Resonance Imaging

Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging and electron spin resonance imaging... 

Various optical detection methods have been used to measure pH in vivo. Fluorescence ratio imaging microscopy using an inverted microscope was used to determine intracellular pH in tumor cells [5], NMR spectroscopy was used to continuously monitor temperature-induced pH changes in fish to study the role of intracellular pH in the maintenance of protein function [27], Additionally, NMR spectroscopy was used to map in-vivo extracellular pH in rat brain gliomas [3], Electron spin resonance (ESR), which is operated at a lower resonance, has been adapted for in-vivo pH measurements because it provides a sufficient RF penetration for deep body organs [28], The non-destructive determination of tissue pH using near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) has been employed for pH measurements in the muscle during... 

Spectroscopy produces spectra which arise as a result of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter. The type of interaction (electronic or nuclear transition, molecular vibration or electron loss) depends upon the wavelength of the radiation (Tab. 7.1). The most widely applied techniques are infrared (IR), Mossbauer, ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis), and in recent years, various forms ofX-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy which probe the local structure of the elements. Less widely used techniques are Raman spectroscopy. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), secondary ion imaging mass spectroscopy (SIMS), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), electron spin resonance (ESR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. 

There are also new methods suggested recently, but they are not yet commonly employed.5 One of them involves ion-selective field effect transistor as a sensor, which requires smaller measurement area compared to the glass electrode.10 Other possible methods are electron spin resonance imaging and confocal microscopy.5 11 12 They require treatment of the skin with an indicator substance, which penetrates into the epidermis and allows the pH to be detected in several layers simultaneously.12... 

Kroll, C. et al., Influence of drug treatment on the microacidity in rat and human skin — an in vitro electron spin resonance imaging study, Pharrn. Res., 18, 525, 2001. 

Ewert, U., Crepeau, R.H., Dunnmam, Curt.R., Xu,D., Lee, S.and Freed, J.H. (1991) Fourier transform electron spin resonance imaging, Chem. Phys. Letters 184, 25-33. 

E/A, emission-absorption CIDNP net effect EPI, echo planar imaging EPR, electron paramagnetic resonance ESR, electron spin resonance (same as EPR) exp, exponentiation on the base e... 

In addition, for imaging studies, only liposome-encapsulated gadolinium was used successfully [222, 223], In a more recent study, electron spin resonance (ESR) was applied successfully to investigate the integrity of MLV and the possibility of a depot effect after the s.c. injection in mice [224],... 

Shin, Y. K., and Freed, J. H. (1989), Dynamic imaging of lateral diffusion by electron spin resonance and study of rotational dynamics in model membranes. Effect of cholesterol, Biophys. J., 55, 537-550. 

Shin Y-K, Ewert U, Budil DE, Ereed JH. Microscopic versus macroscopic diffusion in model membranes by electron spin resonance spectral-spatial imaging. Biophys. J. 1991 59 950-957. Trauble H, Sackmann E. Studies of the crystaUine-hquid crystalline phase transition of lipid model membranes, m. Structure of a steroid-lecitin system below and above the hpid-phase transition. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1972 94 4499-4510. 

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging [or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)] and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) [or electron spin resonance (ESR)] utilize... 

Formation and location of nitroxides, the key HAS-developed transformation products, was monitored using electron spin resonance imaging (ESRl) technique tliat confirms the heterogeneous character of photooxidation of polyolefins. 

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